1,581 research outputs found

    A Trust Management Framework for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

    Get PDF
    The inception of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) provides an opportunity for road users and public infrastructure to share information that improves the operation of roads and the driver experience. However, such systems can be vulnerable to malicious external entities and legitimate users. Trust management is used to address attacks from legitimate users in accordance with a user’s trust score. Trust models evaluate messages to assign rewards or punishments. This can be used to influence a driver’s future behaviour or, in extremis, block the driver. With receiver-side schemes, various methods are used to evaluate trust including, reputation computation, neighbour recommendations, and storing historical information. However, they incur overhead and add a delay when deciding whether to accept or reject messages. In this thesis, we propose a novel Tamper-Proof Device (TPD) based trust framework for managing trust of multiple drivers at the sender side vehicle that updates trust, stores, and protects information from malicious tampering. The TPD also regulates, rewards, and punishes each specific driver, as required. Furthermore, the trust score determines the classes of message that a driver can access. Dissemination of feedback is only required when there is an attack (conflicting information). A Road-Side Unit (RSU) rules on a dispute, using either the sum of products of trust and feedback or official vehicle data if available. These “untrue attacks” are resolved by an RSU using collaboration, and then providing a fixed amount of reward and punishment, as appropriate. Repeated attacks are addressed by incremental punishments and potentially driver access-blocking when conditions are met. The lack of sophistication in this fixed RSU assessment scheme is then addressed by a novel fuzzy logic-based RSU approach. This determines a fairer level of reward and punishment based on the severity of incident, driver past behaviour, and RSU confidence. The fuzzy RSU controller assesses judgements in such a way as to encourage drivers to improve their behaviour. Although any driver can lie in any situation, we believe that trustworthy drivers are more likely to remain so, and vice versa. We capture this behaviour in a Markov chain model for the sender and reporter driver behaviours where a driver’s truthfulness is influenced by their trust score and trust state. For each trust state, the driver’s likelihood of lying or honesty is set by a probability distribution which is different for each state. This framework is analysed in Veins using various classes of vehicles under different traffic conditions. Results confirm that the framework operates effectively in the presence of untrue and inconsistent attacks. The correct functioning is confirmed with the system appropriately classifying incidents when clarifier vehicles send truthful feedback. The framework is also evaluated against a centralized reputation scheme and the results demonstrate that it outperforms the reputation approach in terms of reduced communication overhead and shorter response time. Next, we perform a set of experiments to evaluate the performance of the fuzzy assessment in Veins. The fuzzy and fixed RSU assessment schemes are compared, and the results show that the fuzzy scheme provides better overall driver behaviour. The Markov chain driver behaviour model is also examined when changing the initial trust score of all drivers

    Cybersecurity in Motion: A Survey of Challenges and Requirements for Future Test Facilities of CAVs

    Get PDF
    The way we travel is changing rapidly and Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITSs) are at the forefront of this evolution. However, the adoption of C-ITSs introduces new risks and challenges, making cybersecurity a top priority for ensuring safety and reliability. Building on this premise, this paper introduces an envisaged Cybersecurity Centre of Excellence (CSCE) designed to bolster researching, testing, and evaluating the cybersecurity of C-ITSs. We explore the design, functionality, and challenges of CSCE's testing facilities, outlining the technological, security, and societal requirements. Through a thorough survey and analysis, we assess the effectiveness of these systems in detecting and mitigating potential threats, highlighting their flexibility to adapt to future C-ITSs. Finally, we identify current unresolved challenges in various C-ITS domains, with the aim of motivating further research into the cybersecurity of C-ITSs

    Implementation of ISO Frameworks to Risk Management in IPv6 Security

    Get PDF
    The Internet of Things is a technology wave sweeping across various industries and sectors. It promises to improve productivity and efficiency by providing new services and data to users. However, the full potential of this technology is still not realized due to the transition to IPv6 as a backbone. Despite the security assurances that IPv6 provides, privacy and concerns about the Internet of Things remain. This is why it is important that organizations thoroughly understand the protocol and its migration to ensure that they are equipped to take advantage of its many benefits. Due to the lack of available IPv4 addresses, organizations are in an uncertain situation when it comes to implementing IoT technologies. The other aim is to fill in the gaps left by the ISO to identify and classify the risks that are not yet apparent. The thesis seeks to establish and implement the use of ISO to manage risks. It will also help to align security efforts with organizational goals. The proposed solution is evaluated through a survey that is designed to gather feedback from various levels of security and risk management professionals. The suggested modifications are also included in the study. A survey on the implementation of ISO frameworks to risk management in IPv6 was conducted and with results as shown in the random sampling technique that was used for conducting the research a total of 75 questionnaires were shared online, 50 respondents returned responses online through emails and social media platforms. The result of the analysis shows that system admin has the highest pooling 26% of all the overall participants, followed by network admin with 20%, then cybersecurity specialists with 16%. 14% of the respondents were network architects while senior management and risk management professionals were 4% and 2% respectively. The majority of the respondents agreed that risk treatment enhances the risk management performance of the IPv6 network resulting from the proper selection and implementation of correct risk prevention strategies

    Breaking the t<n/3t< n/3 Consensus Bound: Asynchronous Dynamic Proactive Secret Sharing under Honest Majority

    Get PDF
    A proactive secret sharing scheme (PSS), expressed in the dynamic-membership setting, enables a committee of n holders of secret-shares, dubbed as players, to securely hand-over new shares of the same secret to a new committee. We dub such a sub-protocol as a Refresh. All existing PSS under an honest majority, require the use of a broadcast (BC) in each refresh. BC is costly to implement, and its security relies on timing assumptions on the network. So the privacy of the secret and/or its guaranteed delivery, either depend on network assumptions, or, on the reliability of a public ledger. By contrast, PSS over asynchronous channels do not have these constraints. However, all of them (but one, with exponential complexity) use asynchronous verifiable secret sharing (AVSS) and consensus (MVBA and/or ACS), which are impossible under asynchrony beyond t<n/3 corruptions, whatever the setup. We present a PSS, named asynchronous-proactive secret sharing (APSS), which is the first PSS under honest majority with guaranteed output delivery in a completely asynchronous network. More generally, APSS allows any flexible threshold t<nt<n, such that privacy and correctness are guaranteed up to t corruptions, and liveness as soon as t+1t+1 players behave honestly. Correctness can be lifted to any number of corruptions, provided a linearly homomorphic commitment scheme. Moreover, each refresh completes at the record speed of 2δ2\delta, where δ\delta is the actual message delivery delay. APSS demonstrates that proactive refreshes are possible as long as players of the initial committee only, have a common view on a set of (publicly committed or encrypted) shares. Despite not providing consensus on a unique set of shares, APSS surprisingly enables the opening of any linear map over secrets { non-interactively, without consensus }. This, in turn, applies to threshold signing, decryption and randomness generation. APSS can also be directly integrated into the asynchronous Schnorr threshold signing scheme Roast [CCS\u2722]. Of independent interest, we: - provide the first UC formalization (and proof) of proactive AVSS, furthermore for arbitrary thresholds; - provide additional mechanisms enabling players of a committee to start a refresh then erase their old shares, synchronously up to δ\delta from each other; - improve by 50x the verification speed of the NIZKs of encrypted re-sharing of [Cascudo et al, Asiacrypt\u2722], by using novel optimizations of batch Schnorr proofs of knowledge. We demonstrate efficiency of APSS with an implementation which uses this optimization as baseline

    Light Weight Cryptographic Address Generation Using System State Entropy Gathering for IPv6 Based MANETs

    Full text link
    In IPv6 based MANETs, the neighbor discovery enables nodes to self-configure and communicate with neighbor nodes through autoconfiguration. The Stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC) has proven to face several security issues. Even though the Secure Neighbor Discovery (SeND) uses Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA) to address these issues, it creates other concerns such as need for CA to authenticate hosts, exposure to CPU exhaustion attacks and high computational intensity. These issues are major concern for MANETs as it possesses limited bandwidth and processing power. The paper proposes empirically strong Light Weight Cryptographic Address Generation (LW-CGA) using entropy gathered from system states. Even the system users cannot monitor these system states; hence LW-CGA provides high security with minimal computational complexity and proves to be more suitable for MANETs. The LW-CGA and SeND are implemented and tested to study the performances. The evaluation shows that LW-CGA with good runtime throughput takes minimal address generation latency.Comment: 13 Page

    EESMR: Energy Efficient BFT-SMR for the masses

    Full text link
    Modern Byzantine Fault-Tolerant State Machine Replication (BFT-SMR) solutions focus on reducing communication complexity, improving throughput, or lowering latency. This work explores the energy efficiency of BFT-SMR protocols. First, we propose a novel SMR protocol that optimizes for the steady state, i.e., when the leader is correct. This is done by reducing the number of required signatures per consensus unit and the communication complexity by order of the number of nodes n compared to the state-of-the-art BFT-SMR solutions. Concretely, we employ the idea that a quorum (collection) of signatures on a proposed value is avoidable during the failure-free runs. Second, we model and analyze the energy efficiency of protocols and argue why the steady-state needs to be optimized. Third, we present an application in the cyber-physical system (CPS) setting, where we consider a partially connected system by optionally leveraging wireless multicasts among neighbors. We analytically determine the parameter ranges for when our proposed protocol offers better energy efficiency than communicating with a baseline protocol utilizing an external trusted node. We present a hypergraph-based network model and generalize previous fault tolerance results to the model. Finally, we demonstrate our approach's practicality by analyzing our protocol's energy efficiency through experiments on a CPS test bed. In particular, we observe as high as 64% energy savings when compared to the state-of-the-art SMR solution for n=10 settings using BLE.Comment: Appearing in Middleware 202

    Anpassen verteilter eingebetteter Anwendungen im laufenden Betrieb

    Get PDF
    The availability of third-party apps is among the key success factors for software ecosystems: The users benefit from more features and innovation speed, while third-party solution vendors can leverage the platform to create successful offerings. However, this requires a certain decoupling of engineering activities of the different parties not achieved for distributed control systems, yet. While late and dynamic integration of third-party components would be required, resulting control systems must provide high reliability regarding real-time requirements, which leads to integration complexity. Closing this gap would particularly contribute to the vision of software-defined manufacturing, where an ecosystem of modern IT-based control system components could lead to faster innovations due to their higher abstraction and availability of various frameworks. Therefore, this thesis addresses the research question: How we can use modern IT technologies and enable independent evolution and easy third-party integration of software components in distributed control systems, where deterministic end-to-end reactivity is required, and especially, how can we apply distributed changes to such systems consistently and reactively during operation? This thesis describes the challenges and related approaches in detail and points out that existing approaches do not fully address our research question. To tackle this gap, a formal specification of a runtime platform concept is presented in conjunction with a model-based engineering approach. The engineering approach decouples the engineering steps of component definition, integration, and deployment. The runtime platform supports this approach by isolating the components, while still offering predictable end-to-end real-time behavior. Independent evolution of software components is supported through a concept for synchronous reconfiguration during full operation, i.e., dynamic orchestration of components. Time-critical state transfer is supported, too, and can lead to bounded quality degradation, at most. The reconfiguration planning is supported by analysis concepts, including simulation of a formally specified system and reconfiguration, and analyzing potential quality degradation with the evolving dataflow graph (EDFG) method. A platform-specific realization of the concepts, the real-time container architecture, is described as a reference implementation. The model and the prototype are evaluated regarding their feasibility and applicability of the concepts by two case studies. The first case study is a minimalistic distributed control system used in different setups with different component variants and reconfiguration plans to compare the model and the prototype and to gather runtime statistics. The second case study is a smart factory showcase system with more challenging application components and interface technologies. The conclusion is that the concepts are feasible and applicable, even though the concepts and the prototype still need to be worked on in future -- for example, to reach shorter cycle times.Eine große Auswahl von Drittanbieter-Lösungen ist einer der Schlüsselfaktoren für Software Ecosystems: Nutzer profitieren vom breiten Angebot und schnellen Innovationen, während Drittanbieter über die Plattform erfolgreiche Lösungen anbieten können. Das jedoch setzt eine gewisse Entkopplung von Entwicklungsschritten der Beteiligten voraus, welche für verteilte Steuerungssysteme noch nicht erreicht wurde. Während Drittanbieter-Komponenten möglichst spät -- sogar Laufzeit -- integriert werden müssten, müssen Steuerungssysteme jedoch eine hohe Zuverlässigkeit gegenüber Echtzeitanforderungen aufweisen, was zu Integrationskomplexität führt. Dies zu lösen würde insbesondere zur Vision von Software-definierter Produktion beitragen, da ein Ecosystem für moderne IT-basierte Steuerungskomponenten wegen deren höherem Abstraktionsgrad und der Vielzahl verfügbarer Frameworks zu schnellerer Innovation führen würde. Daher behandelt diese Dissertation folgende Forschungsfrage: Wie können wir moderne IT-Technologien verwenden und unabhängige Entwicklung und einfache Integration von Software-Komponenten in verteilten Steuerungssystemen ermöglichen, wo Ende-zu-Ende-Echtzeitverhalten gefordert ist, und wie können wir insbesondere verteilte Änderungen an solchen Systemen konsistent und im Vollbetrieb vornehmen? Diese Dissertation beschreibt Herausforderungen und verwandte Ansätze im Detail und zeigt auf, dass existierende Ansätze diese Frage nicht vollständig behandeln. Um diese Lücke zu schließen, beschreiben wir eine formale Spezifikation einer Laufzeit-Plattform und einen zugehörigen Modell-basierten Engineering-Ansatz. Dieser Ansatz entkoppelt die Design-Schritte der Entwicklung, Integration und des Deployments von Komponenten. Die Laufzeit-Plattform unterstützt den Ansatz durch Isolation von Komponenten und zugleich Zeit-deterministischem Ende-zu-Ende-Verhalten. Unabhängige Entwicklung und Integration werden durch Konzepte für synchrone Rekonfiguration im Vollbetrieb unterstützt, also durch dynamische Orchestrierung. Dies beinhaltet auch Zeit-kritische Zustands-Transfers mit höchstens begrenzter Qualitätsminderung, wenn überhaupt. Rekonfigurationsplanung wird durch Analysekonzepte unterstützt, einschließlich der Simulation formal spezifizierter Systeme und Rekonfigurationen und der Analyse der etwaigen Qualitätsminderung mit dem Evolving Dataflow Graph (EDFG). Die Real-Time Container Architecture wird als Referenzimplementierung und Evaluationsplattform beschrieben. Zwei Fallstudien untersuchen Machbarkeit und Nützlichkeit der Konzepte. Die erste verwendet verschiedene Varianten und Rekonfigurationen eines minimalistischen verteilten Steuerungssystems, um Modell und Prototyp zu vergleichen sowie Laufzeitstatistiken zu erheben. Die zweite Fallstudie ist ein Smart-Factory-Demonstrator, welcher herausforderndere Applikationskomponenten und Schnittstellentechnologien verwendet. Die Konzepte sind den Studien nach machbar und nützlich, auch wenn sowohl die Konzepte als auch der Prototyp noch weitere Arbeit benötigen -- zum Beispiel, um kürzere Zyklen zu erreichen

    Efficient Security Protocols for Constrained Devices

    Get PDF
    During the last decades, more and more devices have been connected to the Internet.Today, there are more devices connected to the Internet than humans.An increasingly more common type of devices are cyber-physical devices.A device that interacts with its environment is called a cyber-physical device.Sensors that measure their environment and actuators that alter the physical environment are both cyber-physical devices.Devices connected to the Internet risk being compromised by threat actors such as hackers.Cyber-physical devices have become a preferred target for threat actors since the consequence of an intrusion disrupting or destroying a cyber-physical system can be severe.Cyber attacks against power and energy infrastructure have caused significant disruptions in recent years.Many cyber-physical devices are categorized as constrained devices.A constrained device is characterized by one or more of the following limitations: limited memory, a less powerful CPU, or a limited communication interface.Many constrained devices are also powered by a battery or energy harvesting, which limits the available energy budget.Devices must be efficient to make the most of the limited resources.Mitigating cyber attacks is a complex task, requiring technical and organizational measures.Constrained cyber-physical devices require efficient security mechanisms to avoid overloading the systems limited resources.In this thesis, we present research on efficient security protocols for constrained cyber-physical devices.We have implemented and evaluated two state-of-the-art protocols, OSCORE and Group OSCORE.These protocols allow end-to-end protection of CoAP messages in the presence of untrusted proxies.Next, we have performed a formal protocol verification of WirelessHART, a protocol for communications in an industrial control systems setting.In our work, we present a novel attack against the protocol.We have developed a novel architecture for industrial control systems utilizing the Digital Twin concept.Using a state synchronization protocol, we propagate state changes between the digital and physical twins.The Digital Twin can then monitor and manage devices.We have also designed a protocol for secure ownership transfer of constrained wireless devices. Our protocol allows the owner of a wireless sensor network to transfer control of the devices to a new owner.With a formal protocol verification, we can guarantee the security of both the old and new owners.Lastly, we have developed an efficient Private Stream Aggregation (PSA) protocol.PSA allows devices to send encrypted measurements to an aggregator.The aggregator can combine the encrypted measurements and calculate the decrypted sum of the measurements.No party will learn the measurement except the device that generated it

    eMobile internet protocol version six (IPv6) testbed for interoperability of Nigerian education services and networks

    Get PDF
    The diversity of educational methods, services and protocols promoted disparate educational services in Nigeria. The diversity has not promoted resource sharing and has encouraged duplication of efforts. There is no doubt that the University systems in Nigeria need to complement each other bearing in mind the limited resources available to individual University system. With the introduction of next generation internet protocol version six (IPv6), some of the divergent technologies can be brought to a platform to facilitate resource sharing, capacity development and optimization of resources. In order to solve these diversities of resources affecting Nigerian Education Services and Network, Route Optimization Techniques in IPv6 will provide the best option for scaling these diversities. The Nigeria ecosystem has come of age and attained maturity level to identify the futuristic roles of internet protocol version six (IPv6). Globally, Policy makers and Governments have recognized the enormous opportunities the Internet can create and its impact on economic growth and prosperity. The prime mission of the invention is to develop and provide an eMobile IPv6 testbed that supports optimization of resources for digital services in Nigeria Tertiary Education
    • …
    corecore