Data standardization

With data rapidly becoming the lifeblood of the global economy, the ability to improve its use significantly affects both social and private welfare. Data standardization is key to facilitating and improving the use of data when data portability and interoperability are needed. Absent data standardization, a “Tower of Babel” of different databases may be created, limiting synergetic knowledge production. Based on interviews with data scientists, this Article identifies three main technological obstacles to data portability and interoperability: metadata uncertainties, data transfer obstacles, and missing data. It then explains how data standardization can remove at least some of these obstacles and lead to smoother data flows and better machine learning. The Article then identifies and analyzes additional effects of data standardization. As shown, data standardization has the potential to support a competitive and distributed data collection ecosystem and lead to easier policing in cases where rights are infringed or unjustified harms are created by data-fed algorithms. At the same time, increasing the scale and scope of data analysis can create negative externalities in the form of better profiling, increased harms to privacy, and cybersecurity harms. Standardization also has implications for investment and innovation, especially if lock-in to an inefficient standard occurs. The Article then explores whether market-led standardization initiatives can be relied upon to increase welfare, and the role governmental-facilitated data standardization should play, if at all

Does IT standardization help to boost cost and profit efficiency? Empirical evidence from German savings banks

This paper investigates the impact of IT standardization on bank performance based on a panel of 457 German savings banks over the period from 1996 to 2006. We measure IT standardization as the fraction of IT expenses for centralized services over banks' total IT expenses. Bank efficiency, in turn, is measured by traditional accounting performance indicators as well as by cost and profit efficiencies that are estimated by a stochastic frontier approach. Our results suggest that IT standardization is conducive to cost efficiency. The relation is positive and robust for small and medium-sized banks but vanishes for very large banks. Furthermore, our study confirms the often cited computer paradox by showing that total IT expenditures negatively impact cost efficiency and have no influence on bank profits. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is first to empirically explore whether IT standardization enhances efficiency by employing genuine data of banks' IT expenditures. JEL Classification: C23, G21 Keywords: IT standardization, cost and profit efficiency, savings bank

Innovative Approach on Education about Standardization Through Development of The Monopoly SNI Game

National Standardization Body (BSN) is a non-ministerial government institutions Indonesia with the main task to develop and foster standardization activities in the country of Indonesia. In order to promote the development and implementation of standards, BSN has been working with relevant stakeholders, one of which is the university. At present, there has been cooperation with 28 universities through the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU). One form of cooperation is to teach the subject of standardization in the university. Universitas Surabaya (UBAYA) as one of the University who has been working with BSN, has also taught courses standardization in the Department of Industrial Engineering as a compulsory subject in the field of Performance Management and Quality. This paper presents the work of students and a lecturer in the Standardization for the year 2011, a game of Monopoly SNI development as an innovative learning media standardization. The game is played for senior high school students in the form of Standardization Game Competition. The results of the implementation of the game, then do a survey to students relating to the application of this game and an understanding of the SNI standard. The majority of respondents who tried the game, stating that the game is to help them in: understanding the standards, know the benefits of standards and know that there are different types of SNI. In addition, respondents also said that this game is very interesting and helpful in increasing their knowledge related to standards

A story about standardization for design of glass works

This contribution attempts to give an overview of the European standardization framework which is related to the design and calculation of glass works in buildings. The different work levels, institutions, technical committees and workgroups, and the various types of documents and their statute will be introduced, explaining the difference between draft, experimental and final standards, between harmonized, support and design standards, the general and particular meaning of harmonization and implementation. The standardization framework is explained firstly from the point of view of European standardization policy and history, and secondly regarding the standardization framework in Belgium. In particular, an attempt is made to highlight some particularities existing in harmonization efforts of design methods and codes for glass works

IPR-Standardization Interaction in Japanese Firms:Evidence from Questionnaire Survey

To disentangle the relations between standards, innovation and competition, this paper examined the processes and effects of standardization in Japanese firms. The realities of their activities were provided by a postal questionnaire sent to progressive large firms in Japanese industries. Overall, although Japanese firms have sufficiently understood the significance of increased standardization, they donft always actively and strategically involve in the standardization process. The conclusion may be derived from the respondentsf evaluations that 1) the effects of standardization are less likely to be profitable; 2) formal standard setting organizations are not always an effective coordination mechanism of intellectual property rights; and 3) they donft have a sufficient internal institution for standardization strategy. They are rather skeptical of particularly formal and semi-formal standardization processes.Consensus-based Standards, Split Type of Standardization, Intellectual Property Rights, Standards Setting Organizations; Patent Hold-up

Global product as a result of globalization process

The paper elaborates on the process of global product creation. The author tries to define a global product. Basic product strategies on global market are described, among them: standardization, adaptation and diversification. Premises and conditions for product standardization as well as determiners of standardization and adaptation are quoted. Many examples of global product and its strategies are described.global product, globalization, standardization, adaptation, product positioning