On periodic solutions of 2-periodic Lyness difference equations

We study the existence of periodic solutions of the non--autonomous periodic Lyness' recurrence u_{n+2}=(a_n+u_{n+1})/u_n, where {a_n} is a cycle with positive values a,b and with positive initial conditions. It is known that for a=b=1 all the sequences generated by this recurrence are 5-periodic. We prove that for each pair (a,b) different from (1,1) there are infinitely many initial conditions giving rise to periodic sequences, and that the family of recurrences have almost all the even periods. If a is not equal to b, then any odd period, except 1, appears.Comment: 27 pages; 1 figur

On two and three periodic Lyness difference equations

We describe the sequences {x_n}_n given by the non-autonomous second order Lyness difference equations x_{n+2}=(a_n+x_{n+1})/x_n, where {a_n}_n is either a 2-periodic or a 3-periodic sequence of positive values and the initial conditions x_1,x_2 are as well positive. We also show an interesting phenomenon of the discrete dynamical systems associated to some of these difference equations: the existence of one oscillation of their associated rotation number functions. This behavior does not appear for the autonomous Lyness difference equations.Preprin

On the set of periods of the 2-periodic Lyness’ Equation

PreprintWe study the periodic solutions of the non–autonomous periodic Lyness’ recurrence un+2 = (an +un+1)=un, where fangn is a cycle with positive values a,b and with positive initial conditions. Among other methodological issues we give an outline of the proof of the following results: (1) If (a;b) 6= (1;1), then there exists a value p0(a;b) such that for any p > p0(a;b) there exist continua of initial conditions giving rise to 2p–periodic sequences. (2) The set of minimal periods arising when (a;b) 2 (0;¥) 2 and positive initial conditions are considered, contains all the even numbers except 4, 6, 8, 12 and 20. If a 6= b, then it does not appear any odd period, except 1.Preprin

On the set of periods of the 2-periodic Lyness' equation

Publicació amb motiu de la International Conference on Difference Equations and Applications (July 22-27, 2012, Barcelona, Spain) amb el títol Difference Equations, Discrete Dynamical Systems and ApplicationsWe study the periodic solutions of the non-autonomous periodic Lyness' recurrence u = (a + u )/u, where {a} is a cycle with positive values a,b and with positive initial conditions. Among other methodological issues we give an outline of the proof of the following results: (1) If (a, b) ≠ (1, 1), then there exists a value p(a, b) such that for any p > p(a, b) there exist continua of initial conditions giving rise to 2p-periodic sequences. (2) The set of minimal periods arising when (a, b) ∈ (0,∞) and positive initial conditions are considered, contains all the even numbers except 4, 6, 8, 12 and 20. If a ≠ b, then it does not appear any odd period, except 1

Non-autonomous 2-periodic Gumovski-Mira difference equations

We consider two types of non-autonomous 2-periodic Gumovski-Mira difference equations. We show that while the corresponding autonomous recurrences are conjugated, the behavior of the sequences generated by the 2-periodic ones differ dramatically: in one case the behavior of the sequences is simple (integrable) and in the other case it is much more complicated (chaotic). We also present a global study of the integrable case that includes which periods appear for the recurrence.Comment: 20 pages, 11 figure

Non autonomous 2-periodic Gumovski-Mira difference equations

We consider two types of non-autonomous 2-periodic Gumovski-Mira difference equations. We show that while the corresponding autonomous recurrences are conjugated, the behavior of the sequences generated by the 2-periodic ones di er dramatically: in one case the behavior of the sequences is simple (integrable) and in the other case it is much more complicated (chaotic). We also present a global study of the integrable case that includes which periods appear for the recurrence.Preprin

Integrability and non-integrability of periodic non-autonomous Lyness recurrences

Preprint arXiv:1012.4925This paper studies non-autonomous Lyness type recurrences of the form x_{n+2}=(a_n+x_n)/x_{n+1}, where a_n is a k-periodic sequence of positive numbers with prime period k. We show that for the cases k in {1,2,3,6} the behavior of the sequence x_n is simple(integrable) while for the remaining cases satisfying k not a multiple of 5 this behavior can be much more complicated(chaotic). The cases k multiple of 5 are studied separately.Preprin

Numerical Analysis

Acknowledgements: This article will appear in the forthcoming Princeton Companion to Mathematics, edited by Timothy Gowers with June Barrow-Green, to be published by Princeton University Press.\ud \ud In preparing this essay I have benefitted from the advice of many colleagues who corrected a number of errors of fact and emphasis. I have not always followed their advice, however, preferring as one friend put it, to "put my head above the parapet". So I must take full responsibility for errors and omissions here.\ud \ud With thanks to: Aurelio Arranz, Alexander Barnett, Carl de Boor, David Bindel, Jean-Marc Blanc, Mike Bochev, Folkmar Bornemann, Richard Brent, Martin Campbell-Kelly, Sam Clark, Tim Davis, Iain Duff, Stan Eisenstat, Don Estep, Janice Giudice, Gene Golub, Nick Gould, Tim Gowers, Anne Greenbaum, Leslie Greengard, Martin Gutknecht, Raphael Hauser, Des Higham, Nick Higham, Ilse Ipsen, Arieh Iserles, David Kincaid, Louis Komzsik, David Knezevic, Dirk Laurie, Randy LeVeque, Bill Morton, John C Nash, Michael Overton, Yoshio Oyanagi, Beresford Parlett, Linda Petzold, Bill Phillips, Mike Powell, Alex Prideaux, Siegfried Rump, Thomas Schmelzer, Thomas Sonar, Hans Stetter, Gil Strang, Endre Süli, Defeng Sun, Mike Sussman, Daniel Szyld, Garry Tee, Dmitry Vasilyev, Andy Wathen, Margaret Wright and Steve Wright

On 2- and 3-periodic Lyness difference equations

El títol de la versió pre-print de l'article és: On two and three periodic Lyness difference equationsAgraïments: GSD-UAB and CoDALab Groups are supported by the Government of Catalonia through the SGR program. They are also supported by through grants (first and second authors) and DPI2008-06699-C02-02 (third author).We describe the sequences {xn}n given by the non-autonomous second order Lyness difference equations xn+2 = (an + xn+1)/xn, where {an}n is either a 2-periodic or a 3-periodic sequence of positive values and the initial conditions x1, x2 are as well positive. We also show an interesting phenomenon of the discrete dynamical systems associated to some of these difference equations: the existence of one oscillation of their associated rotation number functions. This behavior does not appear for the autonomous Lyness difference equations

The exponentially convergent trapezoidal rule

It is well known that the trapezoidal rule converges geometrically when applied to analytic functions on periodic intervals or the real line. The mathematics and history of this phenomenon are reviewed and it is shown that far from being a curiosity, it is linked with computational methods all across scientific computing, including algorithms related to inverse Laplace transforms, special functions, complex analysis, rational approximation, integral equations, and the computation of functions and eigenvalues of matrices and operators