18,102 research outputs found
Statistical solutions of hyperbolic conservation laws I: Foundations
We seek to define statistical solutions of hyperbolic systems of conservation
laws as time-parametrized probability measures on -integrable functions. To
do so, we prove the equivalence between probability measures on spaces
and infinite families of \textit{correlation measures}. Each member of this
family, termed a \textit{correlation marginal}, is a Young measure on a
finite-dimensional tensor product domain and provides information about
multi-point correlations of the underlying integrable functions. We also prove
that any probability measure on a space is uniquely determined by certain
moments (correlation functions) of the equivalent correlation measure.
We utilize this equivalence to define statistical solutions of
multi-dimensional conservation laws in terms of an infinite set of equations,
each evolving a moment of the correlation marginal. These evolution equations
can be interpreted as augmenting entropy measure-valued solutions, with
additional information about the evolution of all possible multi-point
correlation functions. Our concept of statistical solutions can accommodate
uncertain initial data as well as possibly non-atomic solutions even for atomic
initial data.
For multi-dimensional scalar conservation laws we impose additional entropy
conditions and prove that the resulting \textit{entropy statistical solutions}
exist, are unique and are stable with respect to the -Wasserstein metric on
probability measures on
Core Collapse and Then? The Route to Massive Star Explosions
The rapidly growing base of observational data for supernova explosions of
massive stars demands theoretical explanations. Central of these is a
self-consistent model for the physical mechanism that provides the energy to
start and drive the disruption of the star. We give arguments why the delayed
neutrino-heating mechanism should still be regarded as the standard paradigm to
explain most explosions of massive stars and show how large-scale and even
global asymmetries can result as a natural consequence of convective overturn
in the neutrino-heating region behind the supernova shock. Since the explosion
is a threshold phenomenon and depends sensitively on the efficiency of the
energy transfer by neutrinos, even relatively minor differences in numerical
simulations can matter on the secular timescale of the delayed mechanism. To
enhance this point, we present some results of recent one- and two-dimensional
computations, which we have performed with a Boltzmann solver for the neutrino
transport and a state-of-the-art description of neutrino-matter interactions.
Although our most complete models fail to explode, the simulations demonstrate
that one is encouragingly close to the critical threshold because a modest
variation of the neutrino transport in combination with postshock convection
leads to a weak neutrino-driven explosion with properties that fulfill
important requirements from observations.Comment: 14 pages; 3 figures. Invited Review, in: ``From Twilight to
Highlight: The Physics of Supernovae'', Eds. W. Hillebrandt and B.
Leibundgut, Springer Series ``ESO Astrophysics Symposia'', Berli
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