171 research outputs found

    Conception de nouveaux tensioactifs polymériques, stimuli-sensibles, dépolymérisables et évaporables pour la formulation d'encre conductrice

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    Les travaux prĂ©sentĂ©s dans cette thĂšse correspondent Ă  l’étude de « polymĂšres intelligents ». Ces polymĂšres sont des polymĂšres stimuli-sensibles et auto-immolatifs. Ce sont des polymĂšres qui vont pouvoir moduler leurs propriĂ©tĂ©s en fonction de l’environnement dans lequel ils se trouvent. Autrement dit, un stimulus va pouvoir induire des changements, parfois minimes, dans la structure qui vont induire des changements considĂ©rables de propriĂ©tĂ©s. Ces polymĂšres sont stables indĂ©finiment, mais vont rĂ©agir Ă  un stimulus qui peut ĂȘtre un changement de pH, un composĂ© chimique, un changement de tempĂ©rature, un rayonnement ultraviolet (UV) ou infrarouge (IR), l’application d’un champ magnĂ©tique et bien d’autres. Ces polymĂšres sont utilisĂ©s pour la fabrication de muscles artificiels, la production d’hydrogels, les emballages dĂ©gradables ou le relargage de mĂ©dicaments. Les polymĂšres auto-immolatifs sont des exemples de polymĂšres stimuli-sensibles : ils se dĂ©polymĂ©risent lors du dĂ©clenchement du stimulus. Le changement induit par le stimulus va ĂȘtre dĂ©finitif et prĂ©visible, ce qui permet de prĂ©voir facilement le comportement du polymĂšre. L’objectif de cette thĂšse est de dĂ©velopper de nouveaux polymĂšres stimuli-sensibles auto-immolatifs et dont les monomĂšres vont pouvoir s’évaporer. Nous voulons tout d'abord mieux comprendre les mĂ©canismes de polymĂ©risation et dĂ©polymĂ©risation de ces polymĂšres. Pour ensuite pouvoir les modifier, pour obtenir des tensioactifs polymĂ©riques, dĂ©polymĂ©risables et Ă©vaporables, utilisables pour diffĂ©rents types d’applications, notamment pour la formulation d’encre conductrice imprimable sur support flexible comme le polyĂ©thylĂšne tĂ©rĂ©phtalate (PET). Nous avons appelĂ© cette famille de matĂ©riaux des polymĂšres Ă©phĂ©mĂšres. L’introduction permettra de dĂ©crire la diffĂ©rence entre les polymĂšres dĂ©gradables, les polymĂšres stimuli-sensibles et les polymĂšres auto-immolatifs. De plus, le concept de tensioactif polymĂ©rique stimuli-sensible sera introduit ainsi que leur importance pour certaines applications. Les encres conductrices sont actuellement la technologie la plus prometteuse pour permettre la fabrication facile d’objets Ă©lectroniques flexibles Ă  moindre coĂ»t. Mais ces encres souffrent actuellement de problĂšmes de performance. En effet, pour permettre une bonne dispersion des nanoparticules conductrices (mĂ©talliques, nanotubes de carbones ou graphĂšnes), ce qui est nĂ©cessaire pour avoir une bonne impression, il faut soit modifier la nanoparticule soit utiliser un tensioactif. Dans les deux cas, la conductivitĂ© de l’encre obtenue sera moins Ă©levĂ©e que la conductivitĂ© que l’on s’attendait Ă  obtenir avec de telles nanoparticules. Pour rĂ©gler ce problĂšme, une solution serait d’avoir un tensioactif permettant la bonne dispersion des nanoparticules dans le solvant, puis d’appliquer la dispersion sur un support et ensuite d’évaporer le tensioactif pour ne garder que les nanoparticules sur le support et ainsi avoir de meilleure conductivitĂ©. Dans ce travail, nous dĂ©montrerons que l’utilisation de tensioactifs Ă©phĂ©mĂšres permet d’élucider de façon Ă©lĂ©gante la diminution de conductivitĂ© due Ă  la prĂ©sence de tensioactifs dans un film conducteur. Les polymĂšres Ă©phĂ©mĂšres peuvent Ă©galement ĂȘtre utilisĂ©s pour toutes sorte d’applications nĂ©cessitant des tensioactifs. Par exemple, la synthĂšse de polymĂšres en Ă©mulsion, pour la fabrication de peinture, va nĂ©cessiter l’utilisation de tensioactif. Cependant, ces tensioactifs vont crĂ©er des problĂšmes d’adhĂ©sion du film de peinture au support, d’infiltration d’eau dans le film ou encore de cloquage du film si le tensioactif n’est pas retirĂ©. Aussi, nous prĂ©senterons des rĂ©sultats prĂ©liminaires sur l’utilisation de tensioactifs Ă©phĂ©mĂšres pour la polymĂ©risation en Ă©mulsion. Les premier et deuxiĂšme chapitres correspondent Ă  la thĂ©orie liĂ©e Ă  l’étude des polyaldĂ©hydes aliphatiques ainsi qu’à l’article associĂ© publiĂ© en 2021 dans Macromolecules. Les polyaldĂ©hydes aliphatiques sont des polymĂšres auto-immolatifs peu Ă©tudiĂ©s, mais possĂ©dant des propriĂ©tĂ©s trĂšs intĂ©ressantes. Ce deuxiĂšme chapitre permet de mieux comprendre le mĂ©canisme de polymĂ©risation anionique de ces polymĂšres ainsi que d’établir un lien entre la mĂ©thode de polymĂ©risation et la microstructure de ces polymĂšres. Les troisiĂšme et quatriĂšme chapitres correspondent Ă  la thĂ©orie liĂ©e Ă  l’étude d’une polyamine en Ă©chelle synthĂ©tisĂ©e Ă  partir de glyoxal et de 1,3-diaminopentane ainsi qu’à l’article associĂ© soumis en mars 2022 dans Chemistry of Materials. La polyamine dĂ©veloppĂ©e est un polymĂšre en Ă©chelle sensible au pH qui peut dĂ©polymĂ©riser et Ă©vaporer presque en totalitĂ©. De plus le polymĂšre peut ĂȘtre modifiĂ© pour ĂȘtre rendu amphiphile. Cet article dĂ©crit la synthĂšse et la caractĂ©risation de ce nouveau polymĂšre, mais aussi ses applications en tant que tensioactif Ă©phĂ©mĂšre pour la formulation d’encres conductrices Ă  base de nanotubes de carbone et la synthĂšse de polymĂšres en Ă©mulsion. Les cinquiĂšme et sixiĂšme chapitres correspondent Ă  la thĂ©orie liĂ©e Ă  l’étude d’une polyimine synthĂ©tisĂ©e Ă  partir de tĂ©rĂ©phthaldĂ©hyde et de 1,3-diaminopentane ainsi qu’à l’article associĂ© soumis en mars 2022 dans ACS Applied Polymer Materials. Cette polyimine est Ă©galement un tensioactif dĂ©polymĂ©risable et Ă©vaporable, mais il est plus stable que le polymĂšre prĂ©cĂ©dent ce qui va permettre d’amĂ©liorer les propriĂ©tĂ©s du tensioactif pour la formulation d’encre conductrice Ă  base de nanotube de carbone, mais aussi de nanoparticules d’argent. De plus, cette encre sera applicable sur un support flexible de PET pour des applications en Ă©lectronique flexible. L’application en impression laser d’encres conductrices sera ainsi dĂ©montrĂ©e

    Correlating Nanostructure and Electronic Properties of Organic Semiconductors by Electron Microscopy

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    Organic semiconductors enable fabrication and efficient processing of electronic devices with light weight, mechanical flexibility and tuneable properties. Despite significant progress in the last decades, efficiencies and long-term stabilities of these systems still need to be improved. The properties of organic semiconductors have been shown to be correlated to their morphology. In this thesis work, the nanostructures of organic semiconductors are studied using electron microscopy. Aggregation characteristics, morphology of the phases and the detailed structure of the interfaces have been studied using transmission electron microscopy with both imaging and spectroscopy. It is shown how these structural properties determine the electronic properties. Electron tomography is used to visualise the three-dimensional distribution of dopant molecules in an organic semiconductor at sub-nanometre resolution, which enables the determination of positions of individual molecules. Both individual dopants and clusters are observed. The clusters grow in size and change shape as the dopant concentration increases. This change affects the conductivity which initially increases with increasing concentration and thereafter decreases. The three-dimensional information about the dopant positions in the clusters show that the cluster morphology allow that each dopant molecule is in direct contact with the surrounding polymer. The changes in morphology of the dopant clusters can explain the decrease in electrical conductivity at the higher dopant levels. The work in this thesis provides detailed nanostructure information that is important for the understanding of fundamental mechanisms in organic semiconductors

    Third International Symposium on Magnetic Suspension Technology

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    In order to examine the state of technology of all areas of magnetic suspension and to review recent developments in sensors, controls, superconducting magnet technology, and design/implementation practices, the Third International Symposium on Magnetic Suspension Technology was held at the Holiday Inn Capital Plaza in Tallahassee, Florida on 13-15 Dec. 1995. The symposium included 19 sessions in which a total of 55 papers were presented. The technical sessions covered the areas of bearings, superconductivity, vibration isolation, maglev, controls, space applications, general applications, bearing/actuator design, modeling, precision applications, electromagnetic launch and hypersonic maglev, applications of superconductivity, and sensors

    Molecular Electronics

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    This is a Special Issue on Molecular Electronics which provides an overview of the field and will be useful for both theoreticians and experimentalists. Topics include protein-based electronics, field-induced trans-to-cis isomerisation, phonon thermal conductance, spin-dependent transport, attenuation factors, HOMO-LUMO gap corrections and nanofabrication techniques

    The negatively charged tin vacancy centre in diamond : a good quantum bit?

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    The rapidly developing field of quantum information processing demands for qubit and quantum network node systems exhibiting outstanding characteristics such as exceptional spin and optical coherence. This thesis investigates the recently emerged negatively charged tin vacancy (SnV) centre in diamond as a promising candidate addressing those needs. On that account we conduct a detailed spectroscopic study revealing its single photon and zero-phonon line emission properties, the centre-phonon interactions impacting the phonon sideband and Debye-Waller factor as well as the energetic position of a higher lying excited state. Furthermore, we unveil the charge cycle of the SnV centre based upon which we realise highly efficient and rapid initialisation of the desired negative charge state. This charge control enables studying the optical and spin coherence of single centres, which we show to outperform other group IV vacancy emitters in diamond at temperatures of 1.7K. The close to ideal optical coherence is preserved for hours, while the spin life- and dephasing times amount to T1~20ms and T2* ~5”s, respectively, even for large angles between magnetic field and the centre's symmetry axis. Furthermore, we demonstrate single-shot readout of spin states enabled by highly cycling spin-conserving transitions with a fidelity of F=74%. Eventually, we explore the possibility of two-photon interference as a crucial prerequisite of remote entanglement and many quantum communication protocols.Das sich rapide entwickelnde Themengebiet der Quanteninformationsverarbeitung bedarf Qubit- und Quantennetzwerkknotensystemen, welche herausragende Eigenschaften wie bspw. exzeptionelle optische sowie SpinkohĂ€renz aufweisen. Diese Arbeit untersucht das kĂŒrzlich entdeckte Zinn-Fehlstellen (SnV) Zentrum in Diamant als einen vielversprechenden Kandidaten. Dazu fĂŒhren wir detaillierte spektroskopische Untersuchungen der Eigenschaften seiner Einzelphotonen- und Null-Phononen-Linienemission, des Einflusses der Zentrum-Phonon Wechselwirkungen auf phononisches Seitenband und Debye-Waller Faktor sowie der energetischen Lage eines höher liegenden angeregten Zustandes durch. Basierend auf unserem experimentell verifizierten Modell des Ladungszyklusses des SnV Zentrums initialisieren wir den negativen Ladungszustand schnell und hocheffizient. Diese Ladungskontrolle erlaubt die Untersuchung der optischen und SpinkohĂ€renz bei einer Temperatur von 1.7K, welche anderen Gruppe IV Zentren ĂŒberlegen sind. Die nahezu perfekte optische KohĂ€renz ist ĂŒber Stunden erhalten, wĂ€hrend die Spinlebens- bzw. Dephasierungsdauer selbst fĂŒr große Winkle zwischen Magnetfeld und Symmetrieachse des Zentrums T1~20ms bzw. T2*~5”s betrĂ€gt. Weiterhin demonstrieren wir Spinzustandsauslese mit nur einem optischen Puls und Fidelity von F=74%. Abschließend untersuchen wir die Möglichkeit der Zwei-Photonen Interferenz, welche Grundlage fĂŒr die VerschrĂ€nkung entfernter Zentren sowie vielen Quantenkommunikationsprotokollen ist

    New Approaches in Automation and Robotics

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    The book New Approaches in Automation and Robotics offers in 22 chapters a collection of recent developments in automation, robotics as well as control theory. It is dedicated to researchers in science and industry, students, and practicing engineers, who wish to update and enhance their knowledge on modern methods and innovative applications. The authors and editor of this book wish to motivate people, especially under-graduate students, to get involved with the interesting field of robotics and mechatronics. We hope that the ideas and concepts presented in this book are useful for your own work and could contribute to problem solving in similar applications as well. It is clear, however, that the wide area of automation and robotics can only be highlighted at several spots but not completely covered by a single book

    Cold atoms in a ring cavity

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    An ensemble of atoms coupled to a high finesse optical cavity is an ideal test bed for the study of the cooperative behaviour of atom-photon systems. Dicke showed that an ensemble of excited atoms coupled to a light field interacts with the light in a collective and coherent fashion leading to the emission of highly directional spontaneous emission whose intensity scales with the square of the number of atoms, a phenomenon known as superradiance. This thesis describes the build of an experiment to study cooperative atom-photon interactions in a ring cavity. Particular focus is given to the cavities used in the experiment. Firstly a transfer cavity used for transferring stability to off-resonant lasers in the experiment, this was developed with the capability of exploiting Gouy phase degeneracies to produce tightly spaced frequency discriminants to be used as lock points. Secondly the ring cavity for the experiment which is atypical in its design allowing for bidirectional probing of the cavity mode and dynamic manipulation of the intra-cavity optical lattice. An intra-cavity MOT was produced and collective strong coupling was observed in the cavity with an Neff=6400 atoms coupled to the cavity mode

    Atoms in microcavities : detection and spectroscopy

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    This thesis presents work undertaken with cold rubidium atoms interacting with an optical microcavity. The optical microcavity used is unique in its design, being formed between an optical fibre and silicon micromirror. This allows direct optical access to the cavity mode, whilst the use of microfabrication techniques in the design means that elements of the system are inherently scalable. In addition, the parameters of the system are such that a single atom has a substantial impact on the cavity field. In this system, two types of signal arise from the atoms' interaction with the cavity field; a `reflection' signal and a `fluorescence' signal. A theoretical description for these signals is presented, followed by experiments which characterise the signals under a variety of experimental conditions. The thesis then explores two areas: the use of the microcavity signals for atom detection and the investigation of how higher atom numbers and, as a result, a larger cooperative interaction between the atoms and the cavity field, impacts the signals. First, the use of these signals to detect an effective single atom and individual atoms whilst falling and trapped is explored. The effectiveness of detection is parameterised in terms of detection confidence and signal to noise ratio, detection fidelity and dynamic range. In the second part of this thesis, the effect of higher atom numbers on the reflection and fluorescence signals is investigated. A method for increasing the atom number is presented, alongside experiments investigating the impact on the measured signals. This is followed by experiments which explore the dispersive nature of the atom-cavity interaction by measuring the excitation spectrum of the system in reflection and fluorescence. In doing so, it is shown that, for weak coupling, these two signals are manifestly different

    Excited state spatial distributions in a cold strontium gas

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    This thesis describes the development of a new technique for measuring the spatial distribution of Rydberg atoms in a cold strontium gas. Strontium atoms are cooled and trapped in a magneto-optical trap and coherently excited to Rydberg states in a two-photon, three-level ladder scheme. Several methods of stabilizing the frequency to the cooling transition are discussed and characterized. A frequency stabilization scheme based on electromagnetically-induced transparency for the second laser required for Rydberg excitation is also explained. The Rydberg population dynamics are studied experimentally and modeled using an optical Bloch equation simulation. The divalent nature of strontium allows doubly excited “autoionizing” states to be accessed using resonant optical excitation. These states ionize in subnanosecond timescales, with the ions recorded on a micro-channel plate being proportional to the amount of Rydberg atoms. Translation of an autoionizing laser focused to a waist of 10 ÎŒm gives a spatially resolved Rydberg signal. A two-dimensional map of the Rydberg spatial distribution has been made using this autoionizing microscopy technique

    Coherent Manipulation of Rydberg Polaritons

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    This thesis contains a statistical analysis of the resonant transmission of photons through an ensemble of cold Rubidium 87 atoms \textit{in-vacuo}, where the resonant excited state is coupled to one or two highly-excited Rydberg states via optical and microwave fields. Transient emission with decay rates far below the excited state decay rate Γe\Gamma_e are observed. Analysis of the second-order auto-correlation statistic reveals Rydberg-mediated anti-bunching of transient photons, a signature of Rydberg blockade. The application of resonant microwave fields creates strong resonant interactions between Rydberg atoms. This presents a new, transient regime for the study of interaction-induced dephasing and blockade physics in cold atomic ensembles. A demonstration of a collective Rydberg qubit is presented. Quantum information is encoded into a superposition of Rydberg polariton states with a direct photonic interface suitable for applications in quantum networking. The coherence of Rydberg qubits is demonstrated through Ramsey interferometry. Sensitivity to AC and DC electric fields through differential Stark shifts of the qubit states is confirmed through a study of interferometric fringe shifts and dephasing. Controlled removal of atoms from the collective qubit under the action of a resonant scattering beam is shown to diminish readout fidelity but have little effect upon coherence due to the collective nature of the encoding. Theoretical models of the effect of photon scattering and electrical noise on the Rydberg qubit are confirmed experimentally. Ramsey fringe visibility is observed to scale with the fourth power of an applied noise field, matching a theoretical model
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