The allocation between EU member states of seats in the European Parliament

This note contains the recommendation for a mathematical basis for the apportionment of the seats in the European Parliament between the Member States of the European Union. This is the unanimous recommendation of the Participants in the Cambridge Apportionment Meeting, held at the instigation of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs at the Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, on 28–29 January 2011

The allocation between the EU member states of the seats in the European Parliament Cambridge Compromise

This Note contains the recommendation for a mathematical basis for the apportionment of the seats in the European Parliament between the Member States of the European Union. This is the unanimous recommendation of the Participants in the Cambridge Apportionment Meeting, held at the instigation of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs at the Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, on 28-29 January 2011.Proportional Representation, degressive proportionality, apportionment, European Parliament. Classification

The allocation between the EU member states of the seats in the European Parliament Cambridge Compromise

This Note contains the recommendation for a mathematical basis for the apportionment of the seats in the European Parliament between the Member States of the European Union. This is the unanimous recommendation of the Participants in the Cambridge Apportionment Meeting, held at the instigation of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs at the Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, on 28-29 January 2011

Mathematical aspects of degressive proportionality

We analyze properties of apportionment functions in context of the problem of allocating seats in the European Parliament. Necessary and sufficient conditions for apportionment functions are investigated. Some exemplary families of apportionment functions are specified and the corresponding partitions of the seats in the European Parliament among the Member States of the European Union are presented. Although the choice of the allocation functions is theoretically unlimited, we show that the constraints are so strong that the acceptable functions lead to rather similar solutions.Comment: several minor corrections, revised version 10 pages in two column style, one figure and two tables include

The implications of possible enlargements of the European Union for the configuration of power in the European parliament

PURPOSE: The paper aims at simulating the composition of the European Parliament (EP) after possible impending enlargements of the European Union. To this end, a number of scenarios are considered to this end including the accession of the four countries with current candidate status and the three countries which applied for admission to the Community as of March 2022.APPROACH/METHODOLOGY/DESIGN: The analyzed simulations of EP composition were developed using the methods most frequently proposed in the literature, i.e. the parabolic method, the base+prop method and r-DP methods. These methods allocate the seats in concordance with the condition of degressive proportionality.FINDINGS: All the scenarios of the EU enlargement discussed imply an increased total EP representation of the group of countries with low income in terms of GDP per capita, hence their role in the EP increases. This result complies with the idea of the harmonious development of European countries based on cooperation as promoted by the Community.PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Eight different scenarios of possible enlargements of the European Union were applied to determine the divisions of seats in the European Parliament. These simulations can underlie the choice of a concrete method of finding the allocation of mandates as an alternative to the current practice of determining the composition of seats by negotiations. Grouping states according to GDP per capita makes it possible to compare the methods employed in the context of their influence on the total quantity of the representation of countries with different levels of affluence.ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The added value of this paper is the comparison of results from selected methods in view of possible enlargements of the Community. In particular, it turns out that the base+prop method is the most “neutral” for the countries with the highest GDP per capita, as in the case of Ukraine’s accession.peer-reviewe

Poměrné sestupné zastoupení v Evropském parlamentu: unijní právo vs. realita

Předložený text představuje diachronní analýzu procesu rozdělování křesel v Evropském parlamentu od okamžiku jeho vzniku až k nadcházejícím volbám, a sice s cílem kvantifikovat princip sestupné poměrnosti a zodpovědět, zda existuje poměrné sestupné zastoupení v Evropském parlamentu. Analýza využívá statistických metod běžně užívaných pro měření volební disproporcionality; hodnotu hlasu (průměrný počet hlasů na mandát) a index zvýhodnění (míra nadreprezentace/podreprezentace jednotlivých členských zemí) na individuální úrovni, a míra nerovnoměrnosti (nepoměrnosti) rozdělení křesel na agregované úrovni (pomocí adaptace indexu distorze). Článek dochází k závěru, že od roku 2004 není poměrné sestupné zastoupení v Evropském parlamentu. Přerozdělení křesel v důsledku Brexitu nicméně přiblížilo rozdělení křesel principu poměrné sestupnosti, jakkoli nadále zůstává jedna výjimka v důsledku neformální dohody o tom, že žádná členská země nebude mít nižší počet poslanců v Evropském parlamentu, než tomu bylo v roce 2014

Advanced Testing and Characterization of Bituminous Materials, Two Volume Set

Bituminous materials are used to build durable roads that sustain diverse environmental conditions. However, due to their complexity and a global shortage of these materials, their design and technical development present several challenges. Advanced Testing and Characterisation of Bituminous Materials focuses on fundamental and performance testin

Advanced Testing and Characterization of Bituminous Materials, Two Volume Set

Bituminous materials are used to build durable roads that sustain diverse environmental conditions. However, due to their complexity and a global shortage of these materials, their design and technical development present several challenges. Advanced Testing and Characterisation of Bituminous Materials focuses on fundamental and performance testin