Sensor resource management with evolutionary algorithms applied to indoor positioning

Premio Extraordinario de Doctorado de la UAH en el año académico 2016-2017Esta tesis pretende contribuir a la mejora de la gestión de recursos en sistemas de sensores aplicados a localización en interiores. Mediante esta gestión pueden abordarse dos temas, la colocación de estos sensores y su uso óptimo una vez colocados, centrándose la tesis en el primero de ellos. Durante la tesis se considera el uso de un sistema de posicionamiento en interiores basado en señales infrarrojas con medida de diferencia de fase. Estas medidas de fase son posteriormente transformadas en distancias, con lo cual nuestro problema es el de trilateración hiperbólica utilizando medidas de diferencia de distancia. Aunque se describe un modelo para el error en diferencia de distancias del enlace infrarrojo, podemos abstraernos de este y simplemente considerar que utilizamos medidas de diferencia de distancia que están normalmente distribuidas con una varianza dada por el modelo usado. De hecho, el trabajo expuesto en esta tesis podría ser usado con cualquier otro sistema del cual obtengamos un modelo de los errores de medida, ya sea empleando además trilateración esférica o angulación. La gran mayoría de trabajos que mejoran la precisión de un sistema de posicionamiento colocando sensores optimizan funciones de coste basadas en el límite inferior de Cramér-Rao, enfoque que adoptamos también en este trabajo. En el capítulo de la tesis dedicado al estado del arte hacemos un repaso de las diferentes propuestas existentes, que concluye explicando qué pretendemos aportar sobre las contribuciones existentes en la literatura científica. En resumen, podemos clasificar las propuestas actuales en tres clases. La primera de ellas trata de determinar una configuración óptima para localizar un objetivo, normalmente utilizando el determinante de la matriz de información de Fisher o la dilución de la precisión. Estos métodos pueden obtener expresiones analíticas que proporcionan una explicación sobre como intervienen las características de los sensores y su colocación en la precisión obtenida. Sin embargo, carecen de aplicabilidad en situaciones reales. El segundo tipo de propuestas emplea métodos numéricos para optimizar la colocación de sensores considerando varios objetivos o un área entera. Los métodos propuestos en esta tesis encajan dentro de esta categoría. Por último, existen métodos que utilizan técnicas de selección de sensores para obtener configuraciones óptimas. Entre las distintas propuestas encontramos varias deficiencias, como la simplificación del modelo de error de la medida para obtener expresiones fácilmente tratables, la consideración de un solo criterio de precisión de la localización, colocación de un número determinado y fijo de sensores, o su despliegue en áreas simples que no presenten problemas de oclusiones. Nuestra primera aportación trata de solucionar la consideración de un único criterio de precisión, que normalmente es el determinante o la traza de la matriz de covarianza o información de la estimación. Cada métrica obtenida de estas matrices tiene un significado práctico distinto, y la consideración de solo una de ellas puede dar lugar a soluciones que presenten deficiencias en las otras, como la obtención de elipses de error muy alargadas. Nuestra propuesta implica el uso de algoritmos evolutivos multifunción que optimicen varias de estas métricas, como el error cuadrático medio en todo el área, la isotropía de la solución, y la máxima desviación que puede aparecer. Esto nos permite tener un conjunto de soluciones dadas en un frente de Pareto, que permitirán al gestor de la red de sensores visualizar las posibles soluciones y elegir entre ellas según las necesidades. También permite obtener colocaciones que mejoren la convergencia de algunos estimadores. La segunda contribución de la tesis se ocupa de la colocación de sensores en zonas más complejas, donde existan obstáculos que provoquen oclusiones a algunos sensores. De esta manera, podemos introducir el problema de intentar cubrir la mayor cantidad de puntos del espacio con el número mínimo de sensores necesario para calcular la posición de un objetivo. Dicho número influirá en el porcentaje de área cubierto y en la precisión obtenida, además de aumentar el coste del sistema. Debido a esto, también será un objetivo a optimizar junto a la cobertura y la incertidumbre de la posición estimada. Para llevar a cabo esta optimización se propone una mejora sobre el algoritmo utilizado en la aportación anterior basada en el uso de subpoblaciones y añadiendo operadores genéticos que modifiquen el número de sensores según la cobertura y condensación en los distintos puntos de la zona a cubrir. Cada uno de los capítulos dedicado a las aportaciones descritas contiene resultados y conclusiones que confirman el buen funcionamiento de los métodos propuestos. Finalmente, la tesis concluye con una lista de propuestas que serán estudiadas en un futuro

Neural-Kalman Schemes for Non-Stationary Channel Tracking and Learning

This Thesis focuses on channel tracking in Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM), a widely-used method of data transmission in wireless communications, when abrupt changes occur in the channel. In highly mobile applications, new dynamics appear that might make channel tracking non-stationary, e.g. channels might vary with location, and location rapidly varies with time. Simple examples might be the di erent channel dynamics a train receiver faces when it is close to a station vs. crossing a bridge vs. entering a tunnel, or a car receiver in a route that grows more tra c-dense. Some of these dynamics can be modelled as channel taps dying or being reborn, and so tap birth-death detection is of the essence. In order to improve the quality of communications, we delved into mathematical methods to detect such abrupt changes in the channel, such as the mathematical areas of Sequential Analysis/ Abrupt Change Detection and Random Set Theory (RST), as well as the engineering advances in Neural Network schemes. This knowledge helped us nd a solution to the problem of abrupt change detection by informing and inspiring the creation of low-complexity implementations for real-world channel tracking. In particular, two such novel trackers were created: the Simpli- ed Maximum A Posteriori (SMAP) and the Neural-Network-switched Kalman Filtering (NNKF) schemes. The SMAP is a computationally inexpensive, threshold-based abrupt-change detector. It applies the three following heuristics for tap birth-death detection: a) detect death if the tap gain jumps into approximately zero (memoryless detection); b) detect death if the tap gain has slowly converged into approximately zero (memory detection); c) detect birth if the tap gain is far from zero. The precise parameters for these three simple rules can be approximated with simple theoretical derivations and then ne-tuned through extensive simulations. The status detector for each tap using only these three computationally inexpensive threshold comparisons achieves an error reduction matching that of a close-to-perfect path death/birth detection, as shown in simulations. This estimator was shown to greatly reduce channel tracking error in the target Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) range at a very small computational cost, thus outperforming previously known systems. The underlying RST framework for the SMAP was then extended to combined death/birth and SNR detection when SNR is dynamical and may drift. We analyzed how di erent quasi-ideal SNR detectors a ect the SMAP-enhanced Kalman tracker's performance. Simulations showed SMAP is robust to SNR drift in simulations, although it was also shown to bene t from an accurate SNR detection. The core idea behind the second novel tracker, NNKFs, is similar to the SMAP, but now the tap birth/death detection will be performed via an arti cial neuronal network (NN). Simulations show that the proposed NNKF estimator provides extremely good performance, practically identical to a detector with 100% accuracy. These proposed Neural-Kalman schemes can work as novel trackers for multipath channels, since they are robust to wide variations in the probabilities of tap birth and death. Such robustness suggests a single, low-complexity NNKF could be reusable over di erent tap indices and communication environments. Furthermore, a di erent kind of abrupt change was proposed and analyzed: energy shifts from one channel tap to adjacent taps (partial tap lateral hops). This Thesis also discusses how to model, detect and track such changes, providing a geometric justi cation for this and additional non-stationary dynamics in vehicular situations, such as road scenarios where re ections on trucks and vans are involved, or the visual appearance/disappearance of drone swarms. An extensive literature review of empirically-backed abrupt-change dynamics in channel modelling/measuring campaigns is included. For this generalized framework of abrupt channel changes that includes partial tap lateral hopping, a neural detector for lateral hops with large energy transfers is introduced. Simulation results suggest the proposed NN architecture might be a feasible lateral hop detector, suitable for integration in NNKF schemes. Finally, the newly found understanding of abrupt changes and the interactions between Kalman lters and neural networks is leveraged to analyze the neural consequences of abrupt changes and brie y sketch a novel, abrupt-change-derived stochastic model for neural intelligence, extract some neuro nancial consequences of unstereotyped abrupt dynamics, and propose a new portfolio-building mechanism in nance: Highly Leveraged Abrupt Bets Against Failing Experts (HLABAFEOs). Some communication-engineering-relevant topics, such as a Bayesian stochastic stereotyper for hopping Linear Gauss-Markov (LGM) models, are discussed in the process. The forecasting problem in the presence of expert disagreements is illustrated with a hopping LGM model and a novel structure for a Bayesian stereotyper is introduced that might eventually solve such problems through bio-inspired, neuroscienti cally-backed mechanisms, like dreaming and surprise (biological Neural-Kalman). A generalized framework for abrupt changes and expert disagreements was introduced with the novel concept of Neural-Kalman Phenomena. This Thesis suggests mathematical (Neural-Kalman Problem Category Conjecture), neuro-evolutionary and social reasons why Neural-Kalman Phenomena might exist and found signi cant evidence for their existence in the areas of neuroscience and nance. Apart from providing speci c examples, practical guidelines and historical (out)performance for some HLABAFEO investing portfolios, this multidisciplinary research suggests that a Neural- Kalman architecture for ever granular stereotyping providing a practical solution for continual learning in the presence of unstereotyped abrupt dynamics would be extremely useful in communications and other continual learning tasks.Programa de Doctorado en Multimedia y Comunicaciones por la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid y la Universidad Rey Juan CarlosPresidente: Luis Castedo Ribas.- Secretaria: Ana García Armada.- Vocal: José Antonio Portilla Figuera

ALCOR Project: Contributions to Optimizing Remote Robot Guidance in Intelligent Spaces

The work shows the sensory, communication and control solutions for the remote guidance of robots in intelligent environments, as derived activity from the ALCOR project. In this type of applications, optimizing shared resources, especially those related to energy autonomy and the use of the wireless channel, remains a challenge. The main contributions of the project are: a) development of sensorial units based on infrared with centimeter accuracy in the location of the source and response times of milliseconds; b) wireless communication solutions that improve the information routing and homogenization in network traffic; and c) control and estimation solutions based on events with independent mechanisms of action on the mobile unit and request for measurements to the sensor module. The commercial robot P3-DX has been used for experimental tests

Indoor Positioning and Navigation

In recent years, rapid development in robotics, mobile, and communication technologies has encouraged many studies in the field of localization and navigation in indoor environments. An accurate localization system that can operate in an indoor environment has considerable practical value, because it can be built into autonomous mobile systems or a personal navigation system on a smartphone for guiding people through airports, shopping malls, museums and other public institutions, etc. Such a system would be particularly useful for blind people. Modern smartphones are equipped with numerous sensors (such as inertial sensors, cameras, and barometers) and communication modules (such as WiFi, Bluetooth, NFC, LTE/5G, and UWB capabilities), which enable the implementation of various localization algorithms, namely, visual localization, inertial navigation system, and radio localization. For the mapping of indoor environments and localization of autonomous mobile sysems, LIDAR sensors are also frequently used in addition to smartphone sensors. Visual localization and inertial navigation systems are sensitive to external disturbances; therefore, sensor fusion approaches can be used for the implementation of robust localization algorithms. These have to be optimized in order to be computationally efficient, which is essential for real-time processing and low energy consumption on a smartphone or robot

Recent Advances in Indoor Localization Systems and Technologies

Despite the enormous technical progress seen in the past few years, the maturity of indoor localization technologies has not yet reached the level of GNSS solutions. The 23 selected papers in this book present the recent advances and new developments in indoor localization systems and technologies, propose novel or improved methods with increased performance, provide insight into various aspects of quality control, and also introduce some unorthodox positioning methods

1-D broadside-radiating leaky-wave antenna based on a numerically synthesized impedance surface

A newly-developed deterministic numerical technique for the automated design of metasurface antennas is applied here for the first time to the design of a 1-D printed Leaky-Wave Antenna (LWA) for broadside radiation. The surface impedance synthesis process does not require any a priori knowledge on the impedance pattern, and starts from a mask constraint on the desired far-field and practical bounds on the unit cell impedance values. The designed reactance surface for broadside radiation exhibits a non conventional patterning; this highlights the merit of using an automated design process for a design well known to be challenging for analytical methods. The antenna is physically implemented with an array of metal strips with varying gap widths and simulation results show very good agreement with the predicted performance

Beam scanning by liquid-crystal biasing in a modified SIW structure

A fixed-frequency beam-scanning 1D antenna based on Liquid Crystals (LCs) is designed for application in 2D scanning with lateral alignment. The 2D array environment imposes full decoupling of adjacent 1D antennas, which often conflicts with the LC requirement of DC biasing: the proposed design accommodates both. The LC medium is placed inside a Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) modified to work as a Groove Gap Waveguide, with radiating slots etched on the upper broad wall, that radiates as a Leaky-Wave Antenna (LWA). This allows effective application of the DC bias voltage needed for tuning the LCs. At the same time, the RF field remains laterally confined, enabling the possibility to lay several antennas in parallel and achieve 2D beam scanning. The design is validated by simulation employing the actual properties of a commercial LC medium