Off-line and in-operation optical core networks planning

The ever increasing IP traffic volume has finally brought to light the high inefficiency of current wavelength-routed over rigid-grid optical networks in matching the client layer requirements. Such an issue results in the deployment of large-size, expensive and power-consuming Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) layers to perform the required grooming/aggregation functionality. To deal with this problem, the emerging flexgrid technology, allowing for reduced size frequency grids, is being standardized. Flexgrid optical networks divide the spectrum into frequency slots providing finer granularity than rigid networks based on Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM). To find a feasible allocation, new Routing and Spectrum Allocation (RSA) algorithms for flexgrid optical networks need to be designed and evaluated. Furthermore, due to the flexibility of flexible optical networks, the aggregation functions and statistical multiplexing can be partially located in the optical layer. In addition, given the special characteristics of flexible optical networks, the traditional mechanisms for protection and recovery must be reformulated. Optical transport platforms are designed to facilitate the setting up and tearing down of optical connections (lightpaths). Combining remotely configurable optical cross-connects (OXCs) with a control plane provides the capability of automated lightpath set-up for regular provisioning, and real-time reaction to the failures, being thus able to reduce Operational Expenditures (OPEX). However, to exploit existing capacity, increase dynamicity, and provide automation in future networks, current management architectures, utilizing legacy Network Management Systems (NMS) need to be radically transformed. This thesis is devoted to design optical networks and to devise algorithms to operate them. Network design objective consists of: i. Analyzing the cost implications that a set of frequency slot widths have on the Capital Expenditures (CAPEX) investments required to deploy MPLS-over-flexgrid networks; ii. Studying recovery schemes, where a new recovery scheme specifically designed for flexgrid-based optical networks is proposed. As for network operation, we focus on: i. Studying provisioning, where two provisioning algorithms are proposed: the first one targets at solving the RSA problem in flexgrid networks, whereas the second one studies provisioning considering optical impairments in translucent DWDM networks; ii. Getting back to the recovery problem, we focus on algorithms to cope with restoration in dynamic scenarios. Several algorithms are proposed for both single layer and multilayer networks to be deployed in the centralized Path Computation Element (PCE); iii. One of the main problems in flexgrid networks is spectrum defragmentation. In view of that, we propose an algorithm to reallocate already established optical connections so as to make room for incoming requests. This algorithm is extended with elasticity to deal with time-varying traffic. The above algorithms are firstly implemented and validated by using simulation, and finally experimentally assessed in real test-beds. In view of PCE architectures do not facilitate network reconfiguration, we propose a control and management architecture to allow the network to be dynamically operated; network resources can be made available by reconfiguring and/or re-optimizing the network on demand and in real-time. We call that as in-operation network planning. It shall be mentioned that part of the work reported in this thesis has been done within the framework of several European and National projects, namely STRONGEST (FP7-247674), IDEALIST (FP7-ICT-2011-8), and GEANT (FP7-238875) funded by the European Commission, and ENGINE (TEC2008-02634) and ELASTIC (TEC2011-27310) funded by the Spanish Science Ministry.El volumen creciente del tráfico IP, finalmente, ha puesto de manifiesto la alta ineficiencia de las redes ópticas actuales de grid rígido basadas en WDM en la adecuación a los requisitos de capa de cliente. Dicho problema genera que se deba desplegar una red con capas MPLS de gran tamaño, costosa y de alto consumo energético para poder realizar la funcionalidad de agregación requerida. Para hacer frente a este problema, la tecnología flexgrid emergente, que permite grids con frecuencias de menor tamaño, está siendo estandarizada. Las redes ópticas flexgrid dividen el espectro en slots de frecuencia, lo que proporciona una granularidad más fina en comparación a las redes rígidas basadas en WDM. Para encontrar una asignación factible, nuevos algoritmos de enrutamiento y asignación de espectro (RSA) para redes ópticas flexgrid deben ser diseñados y evaluados. Además, debido a la flexibilidad de las redes ópticas flexibles, las funciones de agregación y de multiplexación estadística pueden ser parcialmente situadas en la capa óptica. Asimismo, dadas las características especiales de las redes ópticas flexibles, los mecanismos tradicionales de protección y recuperación deben reformularse. Las plataformas de transporte ópticas están diseñadas para facilitar la creación y destrucción de conexiones ópticas. La combinación de OXCs configurables remotamente con un plano de control, proporciona la capacidad de crear conexiones automáticamente para el aprovisionamiento habitual, y la reacción en tiempo real a los fallos, para así poder reducir el OPEX. Sin embargo, para aprovechar la capacidad existente, aumentar la dinamicidad y proporcionar automatización a las redes del futuro, las arquitecturas actuales de gestión, que utilizan sistemas legados de NMS, necesitan ser transformadas de manera radical. Esta tesis está dedicada al diseño de redes ópticas y a la creación de algoritmos para operarlas. El objetivo de diseño de red se compone de: 1. El análisis de las implicancias en el costo que tiene un conjunto de slots de frecuencia en el CAPEX necesario para implementar redes MPLS-over-flexgrid; 2. El estudio de esquemas de recuperación, donde se propone un nuevo esquema de recuperación diseñado específicamente para las redes ópticas basadas en flexgrid. En cuanto a la operación de la red: 1. El estudio de aprovisionamiento, donde se proponen dos algoritmos de aprovisionamiento: el primero de ellos tiene como objetivo solucionar el problema de RSA en redes flexgrid, mientras que el segundo estudia aprovisionamiento considerando la degradación óptica en redes WDM translúcidas; 2. Volviendo al problema de la recuperación, nos centramos en algoritmos de restauración para escenarios dinámicos. Se proponen varios algoritmos, tanto para redes mono-capa como multi-capa, que serán desplegados en un PCE centralizado; 3. Uno de los principales problemas en las redes flexgrid es la desfragmentación del espectro. Para ello, se propone un algoritmo para reasignar las conexiones ópticas ya establecidas con el fin de hacer espacio a las entrantes. Este algoritmo se extiende con elasticidad para ser utilizado en escenarios con tráfico variable en el tiempo. Los algoritmos anteriores son primero implementados y validados utilizando simulación, y finalmente son evaluados experimentalmente en testbeds reales. En vista de que las arquitecturas de PCE no facilitan la reconfiguración de la red, proponemos una arquitectura de control y gestión para permitir que la red pueda ser operada de forma dinámica; hacer que los recursos de la red estén disponibles mediante reconfiguración y/o re-optimización de la red bajo demanda y en tiempo real. A eso lo llamamos planificación en operación de la red. El trabajo presentado en esta tesis se ha realizado en el marco de proyectos europeos y nacionales: STRONGEST (FP7-247674), IDEALIST (FP7-2011-8), y GEANT (FP7-238875) financiados por la CE, y ENGINE (TEC2008-02634) y ELASTIC (TEC2011-27310) financiados por el MINEC

Solving routing and spectrum allocation related optimization problems

We provide a comprehensible introduction to RSA-related problems in flexgrid networks. Starting from its formulation, we analyze network live cycle and indicate different solving methods for the kind of problems that arise at each network phase: from the initial network planning to network re-optimization, going through network operation.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author’s final draft

Management of Spectral Resources in Elastic Optical Networks

Recent developments in the area of mobile technologies, data center networks, cloud computing and social networks have triggered the growth of a wide range of network applications. The data rate of these applications also vary from a few megabits per second (Mbps) to several Gigabits per second (Gbps), thereby increasing the burden on the Inter- net. To support this growth in Internet data traffic, one foremost solution is to utilize the advancements in optical networks. With technology such as wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks, bandwidth upto 100 Gbps can be exploited from the optical fiber in an energy efficient manner. However, WDM networks are not efficient when the traffic demands vary frequently. Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) or Spectrum Sliced Elastic Optical Path Networks (SLICE) or Flex-Grid has been recently proposed as a long-term solution to handle the ever-increasing data traffic and the diverse demand range. EONs provide abundant bandwidth by managing the spectrum resources as fine-granular orthogonal sub-carriers that makes it suitable to accommodate varying traffic demands. However, the Routing and Spectrum Allocation (RSA) algorithm in EONs has to follow additional constraints while allocating sub-carriers to demands. These constraints increase the complexity of RSA in EONs and also, make EONs prone to the fragmentation of spectral resources, thereby decreasing the spectral efficiency. The major objective of this dissertation is to study the problem of spectrum allocation in EONs under various network conditions. With this objective, this dissertation presents the author\u27s study and research on multiple aspects of spectrum allocation in EONs: how to allocate sub-carriers to the traffic demands, how to accommodate traffic demands that varies with time, how to minimize the fragmentation of spectral resources and how to efficiently integrate the predictability of user demands for spectrum assignment. Another important contribution of this dissertation is the application of EONs as one of the substrate technologies for network virtualization

Performance Evaluation of Non-Hitless Spectrum Defragmentation Algorithms in Elastic Optical Networks

Fragmentation in Elastic Optical Networks is an issue caused by isolated, non-aligned, and non-contiguous frequency slots that can not be used to allocate new connection request to the network, due to the optical layer restrictions imposed to the Routing and Spectrum Assignment (RSA) algorithms. To deal with this issue, several studies about Spectrum Defragmentation have been presented. In this work, we analyze the most important Non-Hitless Defragmentation Algorithms found in the literature, with proactive and reactive approaches that include rerouting and non-rerouting schemes, and compare their performance in terms of Blocking Probability, Entropy, and Bandwidth Fragmentation Ratio. Simulations results showed that the Fragmentation Aware schemes outperformed the other algorithms in low traffic load, but the Reactive schemes got better results in high traffic load.Sociedad Argentina de Informática e Investigación Operativa (SADIO

Virtualisation and resource allocation in MECEnabled metro optical networks

The appearance of new network services and the ever-increasing network traffic and number of connected devices will push the evolution of current communication networks towards the Future Internet. In the area of optical networks, wavelength routed optical networks (WRONs) are evolving to elastic optical networks (EONs) in which, thanks to the use of OFDM or Nyquist WDM, it is possible to create super-channels with custom-size bandwidth. The basic element in these networks is the lightpath, i.e., all-optical circuits between two network nodes. The establishment of lightpaths requires the selection of the route that they will follow and the portion of the spectrum to be used in order to carry the requested traffic from the source to the destination node. That problem is known as the routing and spectrum assignment (RSA) problem, and new algorithms must be proposed to address this design problem. Some early studies on elastic optical networks studied gridless scenarios, in which a slice of spectrum of variable size is assigned to a request. However, the most common approach to the spectrum allocation is to divide the spectrum into slots of fixed width and allocate multiple, consecutive spectrum slots to each lightpath, depending on the requested bandwidth. Moreover, EONs also allow the proposal of more flexible routing and spectrum assignment techniques, like the split-spectrum approach in which the request is divided into multiple "sub-lightpaths". In this thesis, four RSA algorithms are proposed combining two different levels of flexibility with the well-known k-shortest paths and first fit heuristics. After comparing the performance of those methods, a novel spectrum assignment technique, Best Gap, is proposed to overcome the inefficiencies emerged when combining the first fit heuristic with highly flexible networks. A simulation study is presented to demonstrate that, thanks to the use of Best Gap, EONs can exploit the network flexibility and reduce the blocking ratio. On the other hand, operators must face profound architectural changes to increase the adaptability and flexibility of networks and ease their management. Thanks to the use of network function virtualisation (NFV), the necessary network functions that must be applied to offer a service can be deployed as virtual appliances hosted by commodity servers, which can be located in data centres, network nodes or even end-user premises. The appearance of new computation and networking paradigms, like multi-access edge computing (MEC), may facilitate the adaptation of communication networks to the new demands. Furthermore, the use of MEC technology will enable the possibility of installing those virtual network functions (VNFs) not only at data centres (DCs) and central offices (COs), traditional hosts of VFNs, but also at the edge nodes of the network. Since data processing is performed closer to the enduser, the latency associated to each service connection request can be reduced. MEC nodes will be usually connected between them and with the DCs and COs by optical networks. In such a scenario, deploying a network service requires completing two phases: the VNF-placement, i.e., deciding the number and location of VNFs, and the VNF-chaining, i.e., connecting the VNFs that the traffic associated to a service must transverse in order to establish the connection. In the chaining process, not only the existence of VNFs with available processing capacity, but the availability of network resources must be taken into account to avoid the rejection of the connection request. Taking into consideration that the backhaul of this scenario will be usually based on WRONs or EONs, it is necessary to design the virtual topology (i.e., the set of lightpaths established in the networks) in order to transport the tra c from one node to another. The process of designing the virtual topology includes deciding the number of connections or lightpaths, allocating them a route and spectral resources, and finally grooming the traffic into the created lightpaths. Lastly, a failure in the equipment of a node in an NFV environment can cause the disruption of the SCs traversing the node. This can cause the loss of huge amounts of data and affect thousands of end-users. In consequence, it is key to provide the network with faultmanagement techniques able to guarantee the resilience of the established connections when a node fails. For the mentioned reasons, it is necessary to design orchestration algorithms which solve the VNF-placement, chaining and network resource allocation problems in 5G networks with optical backhaul. Moreover, some versions of those algorithms must also implements protection techniques to guarantee the resilience system in case of failure. This thesis makes contribution in that line. Firstly, a genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the VNF-placement and VNF-chaining problems in a 5G network with optical backhaul based on star topology: GASM (genetic algorithm for effective service mapping). Then, we propose a modification of that algorithm in order to be applied to dynamic scenarios in which the reconfiguration of the planning is allowed. Furthermore, we enhanced the modified algorithm to include a learning step, with the objective of improving the performance of the algorithm. In this thesis, we also propose an algorithm to solve not only the VNF-placement and VNF-chaining problems but also the design of the virtual topology, considering that a WRON is deployed as the backhaul network connecting MEC nodes and CO. Moreover, a version including individual VNF protection against node failure has been also proposed and the effect of using shared/dedicated and end-to-end SC/individual VNF protection schemes are also analysed. Finally, a new algorithm that solves the VNF-placement and chaining problems and the virtual topology design implementing a new chaining technique is also proposed. Its corresponding versions implementing individual VNF protection are also presented. Furthermore, since the method works with any type of WDM mesh topologies, a technoeconomic study is presented to compare the effect of using different network topologies in both the network performance and cost.Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones e Ingeniería TelemáticaDoctorado en Tecnologías de la Información y las Telecomunicacione

Routing, Modulation and Spectrum Assignment Algorithm Using Multi-Path Routing and Best-Fit

Producción CientíficaElastic Optical Networks (EONs) are a promising optical technology to deal with the ever-increasing traffic and the vast number of connected devices of the next generation of the Internet, associated to paradigms like the Internet of Things (IoT), the Tactile Internet or the Industry 4.0, to name just a few. In this kind of optical network, each optical circuit or lightpath is provisioned by means of superchannels of variable bandwidth. In this manner, only the necessary bandwidth to accommodate the demand is allocated, improving the spectrum usage. When establishing a connection, the EON control layer determines the modulation format to be used and allocates a portion of the spectrum in a sequence of fibers from the source to the destination node providing the user-demanded bandwidth. This is known as the routing, modulation level and spectrum assignment (RMSA) problem. In this work, we firstly review the most important contributions in that area, and then, we propose a novel RMSA algorithm, multi-path best-fit (MP-BF), which uses a split spectrum multi-path strategy together with a spectrum assignment technique (best-fit), and which jointly exploit the flexibility of EONs. A simulation study has been conducted comparing the performance of EONs when using MP-BF with other proposals from the literature. The results of this study show that, by using MP-BF, the network can increase its performance in terms of lightpath request blocking ratio and supported traffic load, without affecting the energy per bit or the computation time required to find a solution

A Fairness-Focused Spectrum Assignment Algorithm For Elastic Optical Networks

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