Histopathological image analysis : a review

Over the past decade, dramatic increases in computational power and improvement in image analysis algorithms have allowed the development of powerful computer-assisted analytical approaches to radiological data. With the recent advent of whole slide digital scanners, tissue histopathology slides can now be digitized and stored in digital image form. Consequently, digitized tissue histopathology has now become amenable to the application of computerized image analysis and machine learning techniques. Analogous to the role of computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD) algorithms in medical imaging to complement the opinion of a radiologist, CAD algorithms have begun to be developed for disease detection, diagnosis, and prognosis prediction to complement the opinion of the pathologist. In this paper, we review the recent state of the art CAD technology for digitized histopathology. This paper also briefly describes the development and application of novel image analysis technology for a few specific histopathology related problems being pursued in the United States and Europe

A novel NMF-based DWI CAD framework for prostate cancer.

In this thesis, a computer aided diagnostic (CAD) framework for detecting prostate cancer in DWI data is proposed. The proposed CAD method consists of two frameworks that use nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) to learn meaningful features from sets of high-dimensional data. The first technique, is a three dimensional (3D) level-set DWI prostate segmentation algorithm guided by a novel probabilistic speed function. This speed function is driven by the features learned by NMF from 3D appearance, shape, and spatial data. The second technique, is a probabilistic classifier that seeks to label a prostate segmented from DWI data as either alignat, contain cancer, or benign, containing no cancer. This approach uses a NMF-based feature fusion to create a feature space where data classes are clustered. In addition, using DWI data acquired at a wide range of b-values (i.e. magnetic field strengths) is investigated. Experimental analysis indicates that for both of these frameworks, using NMF producing more accurate segmentation and classification results, respectively, and that combining the information from DWI data at several b-values can assist in detecting prostate cancer

Collaborative Artificial Intelligence Algorithms for Medical Imaging Applications

In this dissertation, we propose novel machine learning algorithms for high-risk medical imaging applications. Specifically, we tackle current challenges in radiology screening process and introduce cutting-edge methods for image-based diagnosis, detection and segmentation. We incorporate expert knowledge through eye-tracking, making the whole process human-centered. This dissertation contributes to machine learning, computer vision, and medical imaging research by: 1) introducing a mathematical formulation of radiologists level of attention, and sparsifying their gaze data for a better extraction and comparison of search patterns. 2) proposing novel, local and global, image analysis algorithms. Imaging based diagnosis and pattern analysis are high-risk Artificial Intelligence applications. A standard radiology screening procedure includes detection, diagnosis and measurement (often done with segmentation) of abnormalities. We hypothesize that having a true collaboration is essential for a better control mechanism, in such applications. In this regard, we propose to form a collaboration medium between radiologists and machine learning algorithms through eye-tracking. Further, we build a generic platform consisting of novel machine learning algorithms for each of these tasks. Our collaborative algorithm utilizes eye tracking and includes an attention model and gaze-pattern analysis, based on data clustering and graph sparsification. Then, we present a semi-supervised multi-task network for local analysis of image in radiologists\u27 ROIs, extracted in the previous step. To address missing tumors and analyze regions that are completely missed by radiologists during screening, we introduce a detection framework, S4ND: Single Shot Single Scale Lung Nodule Detection. Our proposed detection algorithm is specifically designed to handle tiny abnormalities in lungs, which are easy to miss by radiologists. Finally, we introduce a novel projective adversarial framework, PAN: Projective Adversarial Network for Medical Image Segmentation, for segmenting complex 3D structures/organs, which can be beneficial in the screening process by guiding radiologists search areas through segmentation of desired structure/organ

Machine learning strategies for diagnostic imaging support on histopathology and optical coherence tomography

Tesis por compendio[ES] Esta tesis presenta soluciones de vanguardia basadas en algoritmos de computer vision (CV) y machine learning (ML) para ayudar a los expertos en el diagnóstico clínico. Se centra en dos áreas relevantes en el campo de la imagen médica: la patología digital y la oftalmología. Este trabajo propone diferentes paradigmas de machine learning y deep learning para abordar diversos escenarios de supervisión en el estudio del cáncer de próstata, el cáncer de vejiga y el glaucoma. En particular, se consideran métodos supervisados convencionales para segmentar y clasificar estructuras específicas de la próstata en imágenes histológicas digitalizadas. Para el reconocimiento de patrones específicos de la vejiga, se llevan a cabo enfoques totalmente no supervisados basados en técnicas de deep-clustering. Con respecto a la detección del glaucoma, se aplican algoritmos de memoria a corto plazo (LSTMs) que permiten llevar a cabo un aprendizaje recurrente a partir de volúmenes de tomografía por coherencia óptica en el dominio espectral (SD-OCT). Finalmente, se propone el uso de redes neuronales prototípicas (PNN) en un marco de few-shot learning para determinar el nivel de gravedad del glaucoma a partir de imágenes OCT circumpapilares. Los métodos de inteligencia artificial (IA) que se detallan en esta tesis proporcionan una valiosa herramienta de ayuda al diagnóstico por imagen, ya sea para el diagnóstico histológico del cáncer de próstata y vejiga o para la evaluación del glaucoma a partir de datos de OCT.[CA] Aquesta tesi presenta solucions d'avantguarda basades en algorismes de *computer *vision (CV) i *machine *learning (ML) per a ajudar als experts en el diagnòstic clínic. Se centra en dues àrees rellevants en el camp de la imatge mèdica: la patologia digital i l'oftalmologia. Aquest treball proposa diferents paradigmes de *machine *learning i *deep *learning per a abordar diversos escenaris de supervisió en l'estudi del càncer de pròstata, el càncer de bufeta i el glaucoma. En particular, es consideren mètodes supervisats convencionals per a segmentar i classificar estructures específiques de la pròstata en imatges histològiques digitalitzades. Per al reconeixement de patrons específics de la bufeta, es duen a terme enfocaments totalment no supervisats basats en tècniques de *deep-*clustering. Respecte a la detecció del glaucoma, s'apliquen algorismes de memòria a curt termini (*LSTMs) que permeten dur a terme un aprenentatge recurrent a partir de volums de tomografia per coherència òptica en el domini espectral (SD-*OCT). Finalment, es proposa l'ús de xarxes neuronals *prototípicas (*PNN) en un marc de *few-*shot *learning per a determinar el nivell de gravetat del glaucoma a partir d'imatges *OCT *circumpapilares. Els mètodes d'intel·ligència artificial (*IA) que es detallen en aquesta tesi proporcionen una valuosa eina d'ajuda al diagnòstic per imatge, ja siga per al diagnòstic histològic del càncer de pròstata i bufeta o per a l'avaluació del glaucoma a partir de dades d'OCT.[EN] This thesis presents cutting-edge solutions based on computer vision (CV) and machine learning (ML) algorithms to assist experts in clinical diagnosis. It focuses on two relevant areas at the forefront of medical imaging: digital pathology and ophthalmology. This work proposes different machine learning and deep learning paradigms to address various supervisory scenarios in the study of prostate cancer, bladder cancer and glaucoma. In particular, conventional supervised methods are considered for segmenting and classifying prostate-specific structures in digitised histological images. For bladder-specific pattern recognition, fully unsupervised approaches based on deep-clustering techniques are carried out. Regarding glaucoma detection, long-short term memory algorithms (LSTMs) are applied to perform recurrent learning from spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) volumes. Finally, the use of prototypical neural networks (PNNs) in a few-shot learning framework is proposed to determine the severity level of glaucoma from circumpapillary OCT images. The artificial intelligence (AI) methods detailed in this thesis provide a valuable tool to aid diagnostic imaging, whether for the histological diagnosis of prostate and bladder cancer or glaucoma assessment from OCT data.García Pardo, JG. (2022). Machine learning strategies for diagnostic imaging support on histopathology and optical coherence tomography [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/182400Compendi