554 research outputs found
Gamma-Rays from Intergalactic Shocks
Structure formation in the intergalactic medium (IGM) produces large-scale,
collisionless shock waves, where electrons can accelerate to highly
relativistic energies. Such electrons can Compton scatter cosmic microwave
background photons up to gamma-ray energies. We study the radiation emitted in
this process using a hydrodynamic cosmological simulation of a LCDM universe.
This radiation, extending beyond TeV energies, has roughly constant energy flux
per decade in photon energy, in agreement with the predictions of Loeb & Waxman
(2000). Assuming that a fraction xi_e=0.05 of the shock thermal energy is
transferred to relativistic electrons, as inferred from collisionless
non-relativistic shocks in the interstellar medium, we find that the radiation
energy flux, e^2(dJ/de)~ 50-160 eV cm^-2 s^-1 sr^-1, constitutes ~10% of the
extragalactic gamma-ray background. The associated point-sources are too faint
to account for the ~60 unidentified EGRET gamma-ray sources, but GLAST should
resolve several sources associated with large-scale IGM structures for
xi_e~0.03, and many more sources for larger xi_e. The intergalactic origin of
the radiation can be verified through a cross-correlation with, e.g., the
galaxy distribution that traces the same structure. Its shock-origin may be
tested by a cross-correlation with radio synchrotron radiation, emitted as the
same electrons gyrate in post-shock magnetic fields. We predict that GLAST and
Cherenkov telescopes such as MAGIC, VERITAS and HESS should resolve gamma-rays
from nearby (redshifts z < 0.01) rich galaxy clusters, perhaps in the form of a
\~5-10 Mpc diameter ring-like emission tracing the cluster accretion shock,
with luminous peaks at its intersections with galaxy filaments detectable even
at z~0.025.Comment: 55 pages, 13 figures, accepted ApJ, added discussion to clarify some
points, for high resolution:
http://www.weizmann.ac.il/~keshet/IGM_Shocks.htm
An architectural selection framework for data fusion in sensor platforms
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, February 2007.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-100).The role of data fusion in sensor platforms is becoming increasingly important in various domains of science, technology and business. Fusion pertains to the merging or integration of information towards an enhanced level of awareness. This thesis provides a canonical overview of several major fusion architectures developed from the remote sensing and defense community. Additionally, it provides an assessment of current sensors and their platforms, the influence of reliability measures, and the connection to fusion applications. We present several types of architecture for managing multi-sensor data fusion, specifically as they relate to the tracking-correlation function and blackboard processing representations in knowledge engineering. Object-Process Methods are used to model the information fusion process and supporting systems. Several mathematical techniques are shown to be useful in the fusion of numerical properties, sensor data updating and the implementation of unique detection probabilities. Finally, we discuss the importance of fusion to the concept and operation of the Semantic Web, which promises new ways to exploit the synergy of multi-sensor data platforms. This requires the synthesis of fusion with ontology models for knowledge representation. We discuss the importance of fusion as a reuse process in ontological engineering, and review key lifecycle models in ontology development. The evolutionary approach to ontology development is considered the most useful and adaptable to the complexities of semantic networks. Several potential applications for data fusion are screened and ranked according to the Joint Directors of Laboratories (JDL) process model for information fusion. Based on these predetermined criteria, the case of medical diagnostic imaging was found to offer the most promising applications for fusion, on which future product platforms can be built.by Atif R. Mirza.S.M
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