Promotion of Trade and Investments between China and India: The Case of Southwest China and East and Northeast India

Open regionalism and integration between the world’s two largest developing countries - the People’s Republic of China (China) and India - in trade, investments and infrastructure development can foster outward-oriented development and economic and social benefits that could result in poverty reduction. In view of the increasing trend toward regional integration, particularly the expanded European Union and North American integration, the opportunity costs of not moving toward greater economic integration between China and India involving common neighbouring countries could be increasing. This paper discusses the above subject in the context of possible areas of China - India economic cooperation and integration in the Eastern and Northeastern region of India and Southwestern provinces of China, including neighbouring countries like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, and Nepal.India, China, economic cooperation and integration, trade, investment and infrastructure development

Twenty Years of Working Towards a Sustainable Southeast Asia: 1993 -- 2013

The Southeast Asia program first set about testing hypotheses applicable to each of the three ecosystem zones. On the forest margins, the hypothesis was that complex agroforests provided a superior alternative for small-scale farmers to either food-crop systems or monocultural plantations of perennials. As an alternative to slash and burn, complex agroforests increased production sustainability, increased biodiversity, reduced production risks and increased returns to labour compared to continuous food crops or monocultural plantations. The second hypothesis stated that rehabilitating Imperata grasslands with small-scale agroforestry systems would be superior to plantation reforestation in terms of production, equitability and participation. For hilly farmlands, the team hypothesised that there were several pathways to sustainable farming. Among these, contour hedgerow systems initiated through natural vegetative strips provided distinct advantages as a superior, least-cost foundation upon which to build agroforestry-based, conservation farming

The effect of family size on child quality: employing China's one child policy as a natural experiment.

Li, Bingjing.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 21-22).Abstracts in English and Chinese.Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.1Chapter II. --- Background --- p.4Chapter 2.1 --- The One Child Policy in 1980s --- p.4Chapter 2.2 --- Spatial Variation in Policy Enforcement Intensity --- p.6Chapter III. --- Data and Identification Strategy --- p.6Chapter 3.1 --- Data --- p.6Chapter 3.2 --- Identification Strategy --- p.9Chapter IV. --- Empirical Results --- p.10Chapter 4.1 --- Effect of Policy Enforcement Intensity on Family Size --- p.10Chapter 4.2 --- Effect of Policy Enforcement Intensity on Educational Attainment --- p.12Chapter 4.3 --- Causal Effect of Family Size on Children's Educational Attainment --- p.14Chapter V. --- Robustness --- p.16Chapter 5.1 --- Sex Selection --- p.16Chapter 5.2 --- Region-specific Changes in Educational Provision --- p.17Chapter VI. --- Conclusion --- p.18Appendix --- p.20References --- p.2

Simulating the impact of land use change and climate change on the supply of ecosystem services in a rubber-dominated watershed in Southwestern China

This cumulative PhD thesis investigates the expansion of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg.) plantations and the ensuing multiple impacts on biodiversity and the supply of ecosystem services (ESS) in a mountainous watershed in Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Southwestern China. In recent decades, the study area, the Nabanhe Reserve, saw the expansion of rubber plantations and the loss of extensive forest areas, which led to a substantial decline in ESS. Workshops with regional stakeholders resulted in the development of three future land use scenarios for Nabanhe Reserve (2015 2040), varying in their degree of rubber expansions, management options and reforestations efforts. In the first study, the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs) modeling framework was used to analyze the impact of these rubber expansion scenarios on selected ESS: sediment retention, water yield, habitat quality, and carbon sequestration. In addition, a model for assessing potential rubber yields was developed and implemented in ArcGIS. The analysis also included different statistical weighting methods to include rankings for the preference of ESS from three contrasting stakeholder groups (prefecture administration, tourists, off-site citizens). The study concludes that the integrated ESS indices would be overestimated without the inclusion of the stakeholder groups. The second study introduced a new method to identify potential tipping points in the supply of ESS. Here, time-series data derived from InVEST have been combined with a sequential, data-driven algorithm (R-method) to identify potential tipping points in the supply of ESS within two contrasting scenarios of rubber expansion in Nabanhe Reserve. The tipping point analysis included hydrological, agronomical, and climate-regulation ESS, as well as multiple facets of biodiversity. The model results showed regime shifts indicating potential tipping points, which were linked to abrupt changes in rubber yields, in both scenarios and at varying spatial scales. The study concludes that sophisticated land use planning may provide benefits in the supply of ESS at watershed scale, but that potential trade-offs at sub-watershed scales should not be neglected. The third study focused on modeling hydrological ESS (water yield and sediment export) in Nabanhe Reserve under multiple scenarios of land use and climate change in order to assess how both drivers influence the supply of these ESS. Three rubber expansion scenarios were analyzed in combination with multiple climate change scenarios using the InVEST modeling framework. Simulation results showed that the effect of land use and land management decisions on water yield in Nabanhe Reserve are relatively minor (4% difference in water yield between land use scenarios), when compared to the effects that future climate change will exert on water yield (up to 15% increase or 13% decrease in water yield compared to the baseline climate). Changes in sediment export were more sensitive to land use change (15% increase or 64% decrease) in comparison to the effects of climate change (up to 10% increase). The study concludes that in the future, particularly dry years may have a more pronounced effect on the water balance in Nabanhe Reserve as the higher potential evapotranspiration increases the probability for periods of water scarcity, especially in the dry season. In conclusion, the studies showed detrimental consequences induced by rubber expansions for all assessed ESS, with the exception of rubber yields. Further continuing the trend of rubber expansions in the study area is not the best option in terms of integrated ESS supply on a landscape scale. Land use planning alternatives, such as rubber expansions restricted to suitable areas only, in combination with reforestation efforts at less suitable locations, may be used to keep crucial environmental functions intact. Policy regulations at the local level, if properly assessed with spatial models and integrated stakeholder feedback, have the potential to buffer the typical trade-off between agricultural intensification and environmental protection. The implementation of these regulations might still pose a considerable challenge. The methods introduced in this Dissertation can easily be transferred to regions facing comparable land use situations, as InVEST and a large amount of the utilized spatial datasets are freely available.Die vorgelegte Doktorarbeit befasst sich mit der Ausweitung von Kautschukplantagen (Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg.) und den daraus folgenden vielfältigen Auswirkungen auf Biodiversität und die Bereitstellung von Ökosystemdienstleistungen (ÖSD) in einem bergigen Wassereinzugsgebiet in der Präfektur Xishuangbanna im Südwesten Chinas. In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten kam es im Untersuchungsgebiet, dem Nabanhe-Reservat, zu einer rasanten Ausweitung von Kautschukplantagen und dem Verlust weitläufiger Waldflächen und Ökosystemdienstleistungen. Aus Workshops mit regionalen Interessenvertretern entstanden drei Landnutzungsszenarien für die Zukunft des Nabanhe-Reservats (2015 2040), die sich hinsichtlich des Ausmaßes der Kautschukausweitung, verschiedener Managementoptionen und Wiederaufforstungsstrategien unterscheiden. In der ersten Fallstudie wurde das Model InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-Offs) verwendet, um die Auswirkungen der Landnutzungsszenarien auf vier ausgewählte ÖSD zu analysieren: Sedimentretention, Wasserertrag, Habitat-Qualität und Kohlenstoffbindung. Zusätzlich wurde ein Modell zur Abschätzung potenzieller Kautschukerträge entwickelt und in ArcGIS implementiert. Weiterhin wurden verschiedene statistische Gewichtungsmethoden benutzt, um die Präferenzen dreier kontrastierender Interessengruppen (Präfektur-Administration, Touristen, Externe Bürger) in der Auswertung der ÖSD Ergebnisse miteinzubinden. Die Studie kommt zu dem Schluss, dass die integrierten ÖSD Indizes ohne die Einbeziehung der Interessengruppen überbewertet würden. Die zweite Studie stellt eine neue Methode zur Identifikation potenzieller Kipp-Punkte (KP) in der Bereitstellung von ÖSD vor. Hierbei werden Zeitreihendaten von InVEST mit einem sequenziellen, datengetriebenen Algorithmus (R-Methode) kombiniert, um potenzielle KP in der Bereitstellung von ÖSD innerhalb zweier gegensätzlicher Landnutzungsszenarios abzuleiten. Die KP-Analyse umfasste hydrologische, agronomische und klimaregulierende ÖSD sowie mehrere Facetten der Artenvielfalt. Die Modellergebnisse zeigten in beiden Landnutzungsszenarien auf unterschiedlichen räumlichen Skalen Regimeverschiebungen, die auf potenzielle KP hindeuteten und aus abrupten Veränderungen der Kautschukerträge hervorgingen. Verbesserungen in der Bereitstellung von ÖSD können mit Hilfe von gut geplanten Landnutzungsstrategien auf der Skalenebene von Wassereinzugsgebieten erreicht werden. Potenzielle Trade-Offs auf kleineren Skalenebenen sollten jedoch auch beachtet werden. Die dritte Studie befasste sich mit der Modellierung hydrologischer ÖSD (Wasserertrag und Sedimentretention) im Nabanhe-Reservat unter verschiedenen Landnutzungs- und Klimawandelszenarien, um zu beurteilen, wie beide Faktoren die Bereitstellung dieser ÖSD beeinflussen. Drei Landnutzungsszenarien wurden in Kombination mit mehreren Klimawandel-Szenarien mit Hilfe von InVEST analysiert. Die Simulationsergebnisse zeigen, dass die Auswirkungen von Landnutzungs- und Landmanagemententscheidungen auf den Wasserertrag im Nabanhe-Reservat relativ gering sind (ein Unterschied von 4% im Wasserertrag zwischen den Landnutzungsszenarien), insbesondere wenn man sie mit den Auswirkungen des bevorstehenden Klimawandels vergleicht (eine 15% Zunahme oder 13% Abnahme des Wasserertrags verglichen mit dem Baseline-Klima). Sedimentexportwerte reagierten sensitiver auf Landnutzungsänderungen (15% Zunahme oder 64% Abnahme) im Vergleich zu den Auswirkungen des Klimawandels (bis zu 10% Zunahme). Die Studie kommt zu dem Schluss, dass sich in Zukunft besonders trockene Jahre stärker auf den Wasserhaushalt im Nabanhe-Reservat auswirken könnten, da die höhere potenzielle Evapotranspiration die Wahrscheinlichkeit für Zeiten der Wasserknappheit erhört, was insbesondere in der Trockenzeit eintreten könnte. Zusammenfassend zeigten die Studien nachteilige Folgen der Kautschukausweitung in Bezug auf alle betrachteten ÖSD mit Ausnahme der Kautschukerträge. Auf Landschaftsebene ist die zusätzliche Ausweitung von Kautschukflächen nicht die beste Option im Hinblick auf die integrierte ÖSD Bereitstellung. Alternativen der Landnutzungsplanung, wie z.B. die Kautschukausweitung auf geeignete Flächen zu beschränken und andere Flächen wieder aufzuforsten, können genutzt werden, um wichtige Umweltfunktionen zu erhalten. Politische Regelungen auf lokaler Ebene haben das Potenzial den typischen Zielkonflikt zwischen landwirtschaftlicher Intensivierung und Umweltschutz zu mildern, sofern sie mit räumlich expliziter Modellierung und dem Feedback von Interessengruppen ausgewertet werden. Die Umsetzung solcher Regelungen könnte jedoch eine beträchtliche Herausforderung darstellen. Die in dieser Dissertation vorgestellten Methoden können leicht auf Regionen mit vergleichbaren Landnutzungssituationen übertragen werden, da sowohl InVEST als auch der Großteil der verwendeten räumlichen Datensätze frei verfügbar sind

Ecosystem Service and Land-Use Changes in Asia

This book highlights the role of research in Ecosystem Services and Land Use Changes in Asia. The contributions include case studies that explore the impacts of direct and indirect drivers affecting provision of ecosystem services in Asian countries, including China, India, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam. Findings from these empirical studies contribute to developing sustainability in Asia at both local and regional scales

Critical Landscape Planning during the Belt and Road Initiative

This open access book traces the development of landscapes along the 414-kilometer China–Laos Railway, one of the first infrastructure projects implemented under China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and which is due for completion at the end of 2021. Written from the perspective of landscape architecture and intended for planners and related professionals engaged in the development and conservation of these landscapes, this book provides history, planning pedagogy and interdisciplinary framing for working alongside the often-opaque planning, design and implementation processes of large-scale infrastructure. It complicates simplistic notions of development and urbanization frequently reproduced in the Laos–China frontier region. Many of the projects and sites investigated in this book are recent “firsts” in Laos: Laos’s first wildlife sanctuary for trafficked endangered species, its first botanical garden and its first planting plan for a community forest. Most often the agents and accomplices of neoliberal development, the planning and design professions, including landscape architecture, have little dialogue with either the mainstream natural sciences or critical social sciences that form the discourse of projects in Laos and comparable contexts. Covering diverse conceptions and issues of development, including cultural and scientific knowledge exchanges between Laos and China, nature tourism, connectivity and new town planning, this book also features nine planning proposals for Laos generated through this research initiative since the railway's groundbreaking in 2016. Each proposal promotes a wider "landscape approach" to development and deploys landscape architecture’s spatial and ecological acumen to synthesize critical development studies with the planner's capacity, if not naive predilection, to intervene on the ground. Ultimately, this book advocates the cautious engagement of the professionally oriented built-environment disciplines, such as regional planning, civil engineering and landscape architecture, with the landscapes of development institutions and environmental NGOs

Mineral exploration modeling and singularity analysis for geological feature recognition and mineral potential mapping in southeastern Yunnan mineral district, China

Nowadays, with the development in construction of geo-exploratory datasets and data processing techniques, mineral exploration modeling for recognition of mineralization associated geological features and mapping of mineral potentials become more dependent on GIS-based analysis and geo-information from multi-source datasets. Geological, geochemical and geophysical data as three main sources of geo-information in support of mineral exploration have long been employed in many researches. Spatial distributions of geological bodies or controlling factors associated with mineralization were frequently interpreted from these datasets. However, former characterizations of the controlling factors were simply focused on their location information; concerns on spatial variations of their geological signatures and controlling effects on mineralization were not sufficiently emphasized. Therefore, through a series of newly developed GIS-based manipulations, current study intends to demonstrate a comprehensive mineral exploration modeling process for more explicit recognition of controlling factors and their interactions on mineralization and delineation of hydrothermal mineral potentials in southeastern Yunnan mineral district, China. The hydrothermal mineralization as a nonlinear geo-process is accompanied with anomalous energy release and material accumulation in a narrow spatial-temporal interval. Simultaneously, it is a cascade process associated with various geological activities (e.g., magmatism, tectonism, etc.). Knowledge of these associated geo-activities is consequently beneficial to the exploration of hydrothermal mineralization. As the key point of this study, the singularity index mapping method in the context of fractal/multifractal efficient in separating geo-anomalies from both strong and weak background is applied to characterize variations of geological signatures of three controlling factors (i.e., granitic intrusions, faults and the Gejiu formation). With the guidance of multidisciplinary approaches, these geo-information derived from multi-source datasets is further integrated to produce the potential map. In comparison with traditionally used methods, the newly depicted predictor maps enhance weak geo-anomalies hidden within a strong variance of background. In addition, three geo-information integration methods including RGB composition, the principal component analysis and the weights of evidence method are implemented. By the weights of evidence method, the qualitatively and quantitatively interpretable result possessing advantages of the other two methods, simultaneously, is accepted as the final result of currently proposed mineral exploration modeling. Summarized experiences through this study will not only support future exploration in the study area, but also benefit the work in other areas

Making space for reading : a study of rural reading rooms in Yunnan Province, PRC

This thesis aims to explore the meanings behind rural reading rooms (tushushi) in Yunnan Province, PRC. Rural reading rooms are small libraries attached to the village Party compound in Chinese villages; for the past decade 600 000 reading rooms have been established in administrative villages in China, and now benefit more than 1 billion farmers in what is arguably the world’s most important developing nation. These reading rooms could potentially provide reading- and information spaces in villages where these have been lacking. They could be described as a major development project carried out by the state in an attempt to modernise rural regions. Reading rooms are part of the attempt to build what is labelled “a new socialist countryside” in the PRC, a major national policy package designed to modernise rural regions that have been central to central state planning on rural regions since the 11th 5-year Plan was presented in 2006.This thesis aims to explore the relation between state policy and local reality in relation to reading rooms; to what extent are reading rooms part of local life, and how can we understand the functions of reading rooms? Are they just part of state blueprints for rural regions or do they carry communal value? The thesis is based on extensive fieldwork in Yunnan Province, and follows an ethnographic approach, where grounded theory has been used both during fieldwork and the writing process. Reading rooms have been positioned within governmentality theory as away of shedding light on the usage and meaning of educational spaces within villages; as state projects with ideological underpinnings that needs to be understood both in relation to the state, and local realities.Explores the meaning of reading rooms in villages in Yunnan Province, China. Reading rooms are small libraries aimed at farmers. The thesis describes reading rooms and their meaning, both at national and local level. It is an ethnographic account of village life, based on fieldwork in China