19,131 research outputs found
Security and Privacy Problems in Voice Assistant Applications: A Survey
Voice assistant applications have become omniscient nowadays. Two models that
provide the two most important functions for real-life applications (i.e.,
Google Home, Amazon Alexa, Siri, etc.) are Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR)
models and Speaker Identification (SI) models. According to recent studies,
security and privacy threats have also emerged with the rapid development of
the Internet of Things (IoT). The security issues researched include attack
techniques toward machine learning models and other hardware components widely
used in voice assistant applications. The privacy issues include technical-wise
information stealing and policy-wise privacy breaches. The voice assistant
application takes a steadily growing market share every year, but their privacy
and security issues never stopped causing huge economic losses and endangering
users' personal sensitive information. Thus, it is important to have a
comprehensive survey to outline the categorization of the current research
regarding the security and privacy problems of voice assistant applications.
This paper concludes and assesses five kinds of security attacks and three
types of privacy threats in the papers published in the top-tier conferences of
cyber security and voice domain.Comment: 5 figure
Rank-based linkage I: triplet comparisons and oriented simplicial complexes
Rank-based linkage is a new tool for summarizing a collection of objects
according to their relationships. These objects are not mapped to vectors, and
``similarity'' between objects need be neither numerical nor symmetrical. All
an object needs to do is rank nearby objects by similarity to itself, using a
Comparator which is transitive, but need not be consistent with any metric on
the whole set. Call this a ranking system on . Rank-based linkage is applied
to the -nearest neighbor digraph derived from a ranking system. Computations
occur on a 2-dimensional abstract oriented simplicial complex whose faces are
among the points, edges, and triangles of the line graph of the undirected
-nearest neighbor graph on . In steps it builds an
edge-weighted linkage graph where
is called the in-sway between objects and . Take to be
the links whose in-sway is at least , and partition into components of
the graph , for varying . Rank-based linkage is a
functor from a category of out-ordered digraphs to a category of partitioned
sets, with the practical consequence that augmenting the set of objects in a
rank-respectful way gives a fresh clustering which does not ``rip apart`` the
previous one. The same holds for single linkage clustering in the metric space
context, but not for typical optimization-based methods. Open combinatorial
problems are presented in the last section.Comment: 37 pages, 12 figure
Recommended from our members
Ensuring Access to Safe and Nutritious Food for All Through the Transformation of Food Systems
Robust Multiview Multimodal Driver Monitoring System Using Masked Multi-Head Self-Attention
Driver Monitoring Systems (DMSs) are crucial for safe hand-over actions in
Level-2+ self-driving vehicles. State-of-the-art DMSs leverage multiple sensors
mounted at different locations to monitor the driver and the vehicle's interior
scene and employ decision-level fusion to integrate these heterogenous data.
However, this fusion method may not fully utilize the complementarity of
different data sources and may overlook their relative importance. To address
these limitations, we propose a novel multiview multimodal driver monitoring
system based on feature-level fusion through multi-head self-attention (MHSA).
We demonstrate its effectiveness by comparing it against four alternative
fusion strategies (Sum, Conv, SE, and AFF). We also present a novel
GPU-friendly supervised contrastive learning framework SuMoCo to learn better
representations. Furthermore, We fine-grained the test split of the DAD dataset
to enable the multi-class recognition of drivers' activities. Experiments on
this enhanced database demonstrate that 1) the proposed MHSA-based fusion
method (AUC-ROC: 97.0\%) outperforms all baselines and previous approaches, and
2) training MHSA with patch masking can improve its robustness against
modality/view collapses. The code and annotations are publicly available.Comment: 9 pages (1 for reference); accepted by the 6th Multimodal Learning
and Applications Workshop (MULA) at CVPR 202
Economia colaborativa
A importância de se proceder à análise dos principais desafios jurÃdicos que a economia colaborativa coloca – pelas implicações que as mudanças de paradigma dos modelos de negócios e dos sujeitos envolvidos suscitam − é indiscutÃvel, correspondendo à necessidade de se fomentar a segurança jurÃdica destas práticas, potenciadoras de crescimento económico e bem-estar social.
O Centro de Investigação em Justiça e Governação (JusGov) constituiu uma equipa multidisciplinar que, além de juristas, integra investigadores de outras áreas, como a economia e a gestão, dos vários grupos do JusGov – embora com especial participação dos investigadores que integram o grupo E-TEC (Estado, Empresa e Tecnologia) – e de outras prestigiadas instituições nacionais e internacionais, para desenvolver um projeto neste domÃnio, com o objetivo de identificar os problemas jurÃdicos que a economia colaborativa suscita e avaliar se já existem soluções para aqueles, refletindo igualmente sobre a conveniência de serem introduzidas alterações ou se será mesmo necessário criar nova regulamentação.
O resultado desta investigação é apresentado nesta obra, com o que se pretende fomentar a continuação do debate sobre este tema.Esta obra é financiada por fundos nacionais através da FCT — Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., no âmbito do Financiamento UID/05749/202
A life ‘in and with nature?’ Developing nature engaging and nature enhancing pedagogies for babies and toddlers
The holistic relationship between children and nature is at the heart of Froebel’s philosophy and practice: he took for granted that young children would grow up ‘in’ and ‘with’ nature. This paper explores the contemporary relevance of this thinking to babies and toddlers in early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings. It is based on a research project funded by the Froebel Trust which explores outdoor provision in English settings. Our findings suggest that whilst the pedagogic potential of the outdoors for babies and toddlers appears to be generally recognised, there is little emphasis on supporting them to engage with the natural characteristics of the outdoor environment. Concerns about safety and an emphasis on physical activity mean that natural elements may be discouraged in favour of manufactured alternatives such as artificial grass or commercially produced resources. We argue that Froebelian philosophy offers a much-needed theoretical lens that can illuminate the limitations of such practices for both the human and non-human world. Importantly, we highlight the interconnectedness of human and environmental health and suggest the need to develop nature engaging and nature enhancing pedagogies from birth
Desarrollo de una baterÃa de memoria semántica para pacientes con epilepsia del lóbulo temporal
La epilepsia focal más frecuente es aquella epilepsia cuyo foco epileptógeno está localizado en el lóbulo temporal medial y es secundaria a una esclerosis con atrofia de la región amÃgdalo-hipocámpica, con una red epileptógena que abarca la porción anterior del lóbulo temporal. En ocasiones los pacientes requieren de un tratamiento quirúrgico que incluye la resección unilateral de ambas regiones, tanto del polo anterior, como del complejo amÃgdala-hipocampo. Estas estructuras han demostrado tener gran importancia para el procesamiento de la memoria semántica (región anterotemporal) y episódica (región amÃgdalo-hipocámpica), por lo que los pacientes que son sometidos a esta intervención suelen presentar quejas cognitivas relacionadas con ambos tipos de memoria. Sin embargo, parece que las evaluaciones neuropsicológicas que realizamos de forma rutinaria en las diferentes Unidades de Epilepsia no son capaces de detectar todos los problemas cognitivos que ocurren en estos pacientes ya que, a pesar de las dificultades expresadas por estos, las evaluaciones no muestran alteraciones. La hipótesis principal del presente trabajo es que estas quejas se deben a tipos de memoria que no están incluidos en las pruebas neuropsicológicas actuales y, por tanto, no somos capaces de identificar bien sus problemas. En primer lugar, se propone que la memoria semántica está afectada, pero solamente para palabras de baja frecuencia de uso en la vida diaria, no analizadas en las evaluaciones convencionales actuales. En segundo lugar, otros problemas no objetivados se deben a un problema de la memoria de consolidación, medida como olvido a largo plazo acelerado que se detecta cuando se amplia el periodo de evaluación del recuerdo. Además, estas alteraciones van a manifestarse con mayor intensidad en pacientes cuyo foco epileptógeno está localizado en el lóbulo temporal izquierdo. Los objetivos fundamentales de este trabajo son evaluar en pacientes con epilepsia del lóbulo temporal medial intervenidos quirúrgicamente mediante lobectomÃa temporal anterior con amigdalohipocampectomÃa la presencia de alteraciones de la memoria verbal tanto semántica como episódica, asà como conocer su valor lateralizador según el hemisferio afectado. El estudio se basó en la comparación de pacientes con epilepsia del lóbulo temporal (ELT) tratados con lobectomÃa temporal anterior con amigdalohipocampectomÃa con un grupo control de personas sanas, comparables respecto a edad, nivel educativo y coeficiente intelectual (CI). Las pruebas de memoria semántica mostraron que únicamente los pacientes con ELT izquierda tenÃan alteraciones, especialmente para Ãtems de baja frecuencia y tanto en tares de expresión como de comprensión verbal. Asimismo, el tiempo de reacción fue mayor en el grupo de pacientes con ELT izquierda para todos los Ãtems y únicamente para las palabras o conceptos de baja frecuencia en aquellos con ELT derecha. Además, se incluyó una prueba de memoria episódica estándar (RAVLT) que en lugar de restringir la evaluación a 30 minutos, se evaluó a 7 dÃas para medir el olvido a largo plazo. Los resultados mostraron que los dos grupos de pacientes, tanto los de ELT izquierda como aquellos con ELT derecha, desarrollaron olvido a largo plazo. Por último los resultados mostraron que la presencia de crisis epilépticas no afectó a la presencia de olvido a largo plazo acelerado
- …