35,365 research outputs found
Optimization of Energy Aware Path Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks
Strength conservation is one of the biggest challenges to the successful WSNs since the tiny very limited resource nodes such as energy, memory space| as well as communication and computation capabilities. the sensors are unattended Implemented and battery recharge is almost impossible. So many investigations have be done in redirecting energy efficient algorithms or protocols for WSNs. Our reasons behinds the study of number is based on the following three aspects. Initially of all First, we see That immediate transmittal is employed under small scale while multi-hop network transmittal network is employed under mass. All of us want to find the Which factors influence the transmittal manner. Second, it is Commonly That multi-hop agree transmitting more energy efficient than Usually transmitting When the average solitary source to destination distance is large. Yet ,}how to look for the optimal hop number in order That the overall energy consumption is nominal is not well tackled. Third, the hot location phenomenon the networking lifetime influences directly. After that all of us recommend to Optimization of energy aware routing path (OEAPR) algorithm, Which incorporate the overall routing mechanism With hop-based direction-finding nature During process in WSNs
Youth multilingualism in South Africa's hip-hop culture: a metapragmatic analysis
This paper describes the practice of youth multilingualism in South Africa's hip-hop
culture, in an online social media space and an advertising space. Based on a multi-sited
ethnographic fieldwork study of youth multilingual practices, comprising of the following
data sets - multilingual interviews, observations, multilingual interactions and performances,
documents and online social networking interactions - the paper reports on
how young multilingual speakers active in the hip-hop culture of the country talk and write
about the intermixing of racial and ethnic speech forms, as well as use registers in the
practice of gendered identities. The argument I put forth in the paper is that the examples
of youth multilingualism suggest a complex picture of youth multilingual contact in
postcolonial South Africa, and one that require a sociocultural linguistic response that
accounts for the cultural influence of youth multilingualisms in local hip-hop culture.
To such an end, I suggest that multilingual policy planning in the country should be
readjusted to the complex sociocultural changes we see emerge with youth multilingual
practices.IBS
On Applications of Disruption Tolerant Networking to Optical Networking in Space
The integration of optical communication links into space networks via Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) is a largely unexplored area of research. Building on successful foundational work accomplished at JPL, we discuss a multi-hop multi-path network featuring optical links. The experimental test bed is constructed at the NASA Glenn Research Center featuring multiple Ethernet-to-fiber converters coupled with free space optical (FSO) communication channels. The test bed architecture models communication paths from deployed Mars assets to the deep space network (DSN) and finally to the mission operations center (MOC). Reliable versus unreliable communication methods are investigated and discussed; including reliable transport protocols, custody transfer, and fragmentation. Potential commercial applications may include an optical communications infrastructure deployment to support developing nations and remote areas, which are unburdened with supporting an existing heritage means of telecommunications. Narrow laser beam widths and control of polarization states offer inherent physical layer security benefits with optical communications over RF solutions. This paper explores whether or not DTN is appropriate for space-based optical networks, optimal payload sizes, reliability, and a discussion on security
An Experimental Investigation of Hyperbolic Routing with a Smart Forwarding Plane in NDN
Routing in NDN networks must scale in terms of forwarding table size and
routing protocol overhead. Hyperbolic routing (HR) presents a potential
solution to address the routing scalability problem, because it does not use
traditional forwarding tables or exchange routing updates upon changes in
network topologies. Although HR has the drawbacks of producing sub-optimal
routes or local minima for some destinations, these issues can be mitigated by
NDN's intelligent data forwarding plane. However, HR's viability still depends
on both the quality of the routes HR provides and the overhead incurred at the
forwarding plane due to HR's sub-optimal behavior. We designed a new forwarding
strategy called Adaptive Smoothed RTT-based Forwarding (ASF) to mitigate HR's
sub-optimal path selection. This paper describes our experimental investigation
into the packet delivery delay and overhead under HR as compared with
Named-Data Link State Routing (NLSR), which calculates shortest paths. We run
emulation experiments using various topologies with different failure
scenarios, probing intervals, and maximum number of next hops for a name
prefix. Our results show that HR's delay stretch has a median close to 1 and a
95th-percentile around or below 2, which does not grow with the network size.
HR's message overhead in dynamic topologies is nearly independent of the
network size, while NLSR's overhead grows polynomially at least. These results
suggest that HR offers a more scalable routing solution with little impact on
the optimality of routing paths
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