A framework for empirical discovery

Previous research in machine learning has viewed the process of empirical discovery as search through a space of 'theoretical' terms. In this paper, we propose a problem space for empirical discovery, specifying six complementary operators for defining new terms that ease the statement of empirical laws. The six types of terms include: numeric attributes (such as PV/T); intrinsic properties (such as mass); composite objects (such as pairs of colliding balls); classes of objects (such as acids and alkalis); composite relations (such as chemical reactions); and classes of relations (such as combustion/oxidation). We review existing machine discovery systems in light of this framework, examining which parts of the problem space were, covered by these systems. Finally, we outline an integrated discovery system (IDS) we are constructing that includes all six of the operators and which should be able to discover a broad range of empirical laws

A cognitive architecture for learning in reactive environments

Previous research in machine learning has viewed the process of empirical discovery as search through a space of 'theoretical' terms. In this paper, we propose a problem space for empirical discovery, specifying six complementary operators for defining new terms that ease the statement of empirical laws. The six types of terms include: numeric attributes (such as PV/T); intrinsic properties (such as mass); composite objects (such as pairs of colliding balls); classes of objects (such as acids and alkalis); composite relations (such as chemical reactions); and classes of relations (such as combustion/oxidation). We review existing machine discovery systems in light of this framework, examining which parts of the problem space were, covered by these systems. Finally, we outline an integrated discovery system (IDS) we are constructing that includes all six of the operators and which should be able to discover a broad range of empirical laws

Pierre Duhem’s philosophy and history of science

LEITE (Fábio Rodrigo) – STOFFEL (Jean-François), Introduction (pp. 3-6). BARRA (Eduardo Salles de O.) – SANTOS (Ricardo Batista dos), Duhem’s analysis of Newtonian method and the logical priority of physics over metaphysics (pp. 7-19). BORDONI (Stefano), The French roots of Duhem’s early historiography and epistemology (pp. 20-35). CHIAPPIN (José R. N.) – LARANJEIRAS (Cássio Costa), Duhem’s critical analysis of mecha­ni­cism and his defense of a formal conception of theoretical phy­sics (pp. 36-53). GUEGUEN (Marie) – PSILLOS (Stathis), Anti-­scepticism and epistemic humility in Pierre Duhem’s philosophy of science (pp. 54-72). LISTON (Michael), Duhem : images of science, historical continuity, and the first crisis in physics (pp. 73-84). MAIOCCHI (Roberto), Duhem in pre-war Italian philos­ophy : the reasons of an absence (pp. 85-92). HERNÁNDEZ MÁRQUEZ (Víctor Manuel), Was Pierre Duhem an «esprit de finesse» ? (pp. 93-107). NEEDHAM (Paul), Was Duhem justified in not distinguishing between physical and chemical atomism ? (pp. 108-111). OLGUIN (Roberto Estrada), «Bon sens» and «noûs» (pp. 112-126). OLIVEIRA (Amelia J.), Duhem’s legacy for the change in the historiography of science : An analysis based on Kuhn’s writings (pp. 127-139). PRÍNCIPE (João), Poincaré and Duhem : Resonances in their first epistemological reflec­tions (pp. 140-156). MONDRAGON (Damián Islas), Book review of «Pierre Duhem : entre física y metafísica» (pp. 157-159). STOFFEL (Jean-François), Book review of P. Duhem : «La théorie physique : son objet, sa structure» / edit. by S. Roux (pp. 160-162). STOFFEL (Jean-François), Book review of St. Bordoni : «When historiography met epistemology» (pp. 163-165)

The Development of Conceptual Change Theory-Based E-Modules Equipped with Conceptual Change Texts on the Solar System Topics

This study aims to develop a set of e-module teaching materials equipped with conceptual change text based on conceptual change theory on the Solar System materials. The research method used was Educational Design Research (EDR) with the Plomp model. The research consisted of three stages, namely the preliminary study, design development and product testing. At the initial stage, an analysis of competencies, essential materials, and misconceptions experienced by students in the Solar System material was carried out. There were major misconceptions such as the Sun as the biggest star, the motion of the planets that are always the same, the phases of the moon, revolution and rotation of the earth, Kepler's Laws II and III, solar eclipses, and Newton's gravity that occurs between the earth and the moon as well as the earth and the sun. These findings are the basis for developing the e-module. Based on the validation and practicality tests, the validation level was obtained at 3.85 which means very valid category and practicality at 93% means very practical category. Therefore, it can be concluded that the developed e-module teaching materials based on the conceptual change on the Solar System topics are valid and practical

A development of some relationships between astronomy and mathematics for the secondary schools.

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universit

Identification of Physics Misconceptions Using Five-tier Diagnostic Test: Newton’s Law of Gravitation Context

Students' understanding of several topics in physics is still low. The teachers only focus on completing curriculum targets without considering their student's understanding and most of them have misconceptions. The study aimed to identify students' misconceptions of physics concepts using the five-tier diagnostic test. Data was collected once using a descriptive-quantitative method. The research sample consisted of 18 students from one of the high schools in West Sumatra. A total of 17 questions was used to identify students' understanding of Newton's law of gravitation. The results showed that students had misconceptions as follows: gravitational attraction is only caused by planets; there is no gravitational force in space, and the direction of the gravitational force is determined by the direction of the gravitational attraction by some objects; two objects have different gravitational force strengths; all planets revolve around one another, the orbit of the solar system is perfectly circular, the shape of the earth is round, and the strength of the gravitational field is affected by the mass of the object. In conclusion, the highest percentage of misconceptions occurs in the influence of the gravitational field strength, which was 23%

MODEL STREF TONTOR DO AUTOMATYCZNEGO MONITOROWANIA OBIEKTÓW

The paper presents the results of analytical modeling of the case of the presence zone of an abstract object characterized by a solid mass. It has several zones of presence based on the foundations of the TONTOR theory. Research determined that the discrete solid-state zone of the presence characterizes the solid part of the AE itself or the particles that form the surrounding space near the abstract entity and is the most powerful zone among the existing zones. The proposed model for determining the parameters of TONTOR zones of an object provides the possibility of analyzing the state of this object during its movements in the working space and metrological measurements of coordinates. These metrological aspects in the automatic mode of operation of object state analysis system determine the properties that increase the accuracy and speed of operations for calculating object movement trajectories in various fields of research.W artykule przedstawiono wyniki modelowania analitycznego przypadku strefy obecności abstrakcyjnego obiektu charakteryzującego się masą stałą. Ma on kilka stref obecności opartych na podstawach teorii TONTOR. Badania wykazały, że dyskretna stała strefa obecności charakteryzuje stałą część samej AE lub cząstki, które tworzą otaczającą przestrzeń w pobliżu abstrakcyjnej jednostki i jest najsilniejszą strefą spośród istniejących stref. Zaproponowany model określania parametrów stref TONTOR obiektu zapewnia możliwość analizy stanu tego obiektu podczas jego ruchów w przestrzeni roboczej i metrologicznych pomiarów współrzędnych. Te aspekty metrologiczne w automatycznym trybie pracy systemu analizy stanu obiektu określają właściwości, które zwiększają dokładność i szybkość operacji obliczania trajektorii ruchu obiektu w różnych dziedzinach badań