749 research outputs found

    Alʔilbīrī’s Book of the rational conclusions. Introduction, Critical Edition of the Arabic Text and Materials for the History of the Ḫawāṣṣic Genre in Early Andalus

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    [eng] The Book of the rational conclusions, written perhaps somewhen in the 10th c. by a physician from Ilbīrah (Andalus), is a multi-section medical pandect. The author brings together, from a diversity of sources, materials dealing with matters related to drug-handling, natural philosophy, therapeutics, medical applications of the specific properties of things, a regimen, and a dispensatory. This dissertation includes three different parts. First the transmission of the text, its contents, and its possible context are discussed. Then a critical edition of the Arabic text is offered. Last, but certainly not least, the subject of the specific properties is approached from several points of view. The analysis of Section III of the original book leads to an exploration of the early Andalusī assimilation of this epistemic tradition and to the establishment of a well-defined textual family in which our text must be inscribed. On the other hand, the concept itself of ‘specific property’ is often misconstrued and it is usually made synonymous to magic and superstition. Upon closer inspection, however, the alleged irrationality of the knowledge of these properties appears to be largely the result of anachronistic interpretation. As a complement of this particular research and as an illustration of the genre, a sample from an ongoing integral commentary on this section of the book is presented.[cat] El Llibre de les conclusions racionals d’un desconegut metge d’Ilbīrah (l’Àndalus) va ser compilat probablement durant la segona meitat del s. X. Es tracta d’un rudimentari però notablement complet kunnaix (un gènere epistèmic que és definit sovint com a ‘enciclopèdia mèdica’) en què l’autor aplega materials manllevats (sovint de manera literal i no-explícita) de diversos gèneres. El llibre obre amb una secció sobre apoteconomia (una mena de manual d’apotecaris) però se centra després en les diferents branques de la medicina. A continuació d’uns prolegòmens filosòfics l’autor copia, amb mínima adaptació lingüística, un tractat sencer de terapèutica, després un altre sobre les aplicacions mèdiques de les propietats específiques de les coses, una sèrie de fragments relacionats amb la dietètica (un règim en termes tradicionals) i, finalment, una col·lecció de receptes mèdiques. Cadascuna d’aquestes seccions mostren evidents lligams d’intertextualitat que apunten cap a una intensa activitat sintetitzadora de diverses tradicions aliades a la medicina a l’Àndalus califal. El text és, de fet, un magnífic objecte sobre el qual aplicar la metodologia de la crítica textual i de fonts. L’edició crítica del text incorpora la dimensió cronològica dins l’aparat, que esdevé així un element contextualitzador. Quant l’estudi de les fonts, si tot al llarg de la primera part d’aquesta tesi és només secundari, aquesta disciplina pren un protagonisme gairebé absolut en la tercera part, especialment en el capítol dedicat a l’anàlisi individual de cada passatge recollit en la secció sobre les propietats específiques de les coses

    2007 GREAT Day Program

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    SUNY Geneseo’s First Annual G.R.E.A.T. Day.https://knightscholar.geneseo.edu/program-2007/1001/thumbnail.jp

    Marginality and the position value

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    We present a new characterization of the position value, one of the most prominent allocation rules for communication situations (graph-games or games with restricted communication). This characterization includes the PL-marginality property, an extension for communications situations of the classic marginality for TU-games, as well as component efficiency and balanced link contributions for necessary players

    Understanding and Optimizing Communication Overhead in Distributed Training

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    In recent years, Deep Learning models have shown great potential in many areas, including Computer Vision, Speech Recognition, Information Retrieval, etc. This results in a growing interest in applying Deep Learning models in academia and industry. Using Deep Learning models on a specific task requires training. With the recent trends of the rapid growth of the size of the Deep Learning models and datasets, training on a single accelerator can take years. To complete the training within a reasonable amount of time, people start using multiple accelerators to speed up training (i.e., distributed training). Using distributed training requires additional communications to coordinate all accelerators. In many cases, communications become the bottleneck of distributed training. In this thesis, we study and optimize the communication overhead in distributed training. In the first part of the thesis, we conduct measurement studies and what-if analyses to understand the relationship between the network and communication overhead. We design a trace-based simulation algorithm and test it with various network assumptions. We found that the network is under-utilized, and achieving gradient compression ratios up to hundreds of times is often unnecessary for data center networks. The second part of the thesis optimizes the communication overhead of distributed training without changing the semantics of the training algorithm. We design and implement system MiCS that significantly reduces the communication overhead in public cloud environments by minimizing the communication scale. The evaluation shows that MiCS outperforms existing partitioned data-parallel systems significantly. In the last part of the thesis, we further improve the system performance of MiCS for more challenging cases, e.g., long input sequences. We combine pipeline parallelism with MiCS to further reduce the overhead of inter-node communications in MiCS. Besides, we propose two memory optimizations to improve memory efficiency. System MiCS has been adopted by several teams inside Amazon and is available at Amazon SageMaker

    Placing favelas on the tourist city map: between commodification and legitimisation

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    L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és explicar fins a quin punt les pràctiques i les actuacions dels turistes intervenen amb la producció o la reproducció d'espais i comunitats marginals. Al llarg de la investigació, reflexionem sobre si el turisme podria ser una via per legitimar les persones i els llocs marginats, a diverses escales, al Sud urbà global. Examinem els efectes d'estructuració i configuració que el turisme té sobre llocs i comunitats marginades i trobem que les pràctiques turístiques no sempre funcionen a favor de la legitimació i l'apoderament cultural sinó per legitimar processos neoliberals de desenvolupament, control i fiscalització. Emmarquem aquesta investigació dins de les Teories No Representacionals (Thrift, 1996; 2008). Aquest grup postestructuralista de teories, conceptes, idees i mètodes emfatitza l'agència del cos en moviment i la manca de jerarquia entre humans i coses, i centra l'anàlisi en com interactuen, coexisteixen i s'afecten entre ells aquests actors híbrids per produir realitats i donar sentit al món. L'aplicació de NRT als estudis del turisme de barris marginals implica partir de les empremtes simbòliques de significat, marques o creacions de mites dels barris marginals i, en canvi, insta a seguir les pràctiques dels turistes a l'espai i les consegüents relacions entreteixides amb altres persones, espais, objectes i idees. Dins d'aquests processos, argumentem que els turistes tenen agència en la co-creació de significats que potencialment poden valorar els espais i la cultura dels barris marginals i proporcionar a les parts integrals nous valors i poder. La tesi explora el cas de la favela turística Santa Marta a Rio de Janeiro, que ha estat una de les faveles més visitades d'aquesta ciutat des de principis de la dècada de 1990. Utilitzem tres enfocaments metodològics per analitzar els processos de valorització i legitimació dels turistes, primer, un relat autoetnogràfic per analitzar l'experiència personal de l'investigador; segon, recreem dos actors-xarxes entrellaçats després de dos tours antagòniques a Santa Marta; finalment, fem una anàlisi de discurs de diferents textos i actors, i els analitzem proposant tres categories de legitimació.El objetivo de esta tesis es explicar hasta qué punto las prácticas y actuaciones de los turistas intervienen con la producción o reproducción de espacios y comunidades marginales. A lo largo de la investigación, reflexionamos sobre si el turismo podría ser una vía para legitimar a las personas y los lugares marginados, en varias escalas, en el Sur urbano global. Examinamos los efectos de estructuración y configuración que el turismo tiene sobre lugares y comunidades marginadas y encontramos que las prácticas turísticas no siempre funcionan a favor de la legitimación y el empoderamiento cultural, sino para legitimar procesos neoliberales de desarrollo, control y fiscalización. Enmarcamos esta investigación dentro de las Teorías No Representacionales (Thrift, 1996; 2008). Este grupo postestructuralista de teorías, conceptos, ideas y métodos enfatiza la agencia del cuerpo en movimiento y la falta de jerarquía entre humanos y cosas, y centra el análisis en cómo estos actores híbridos interactúan, coexisten y se afectan entre sí para producir realidades y dar sentido al mundo. La aplicación de NRT a los estudios del turismo de barrios marginales implica partir de las huellas simbólicas de significado, marcas o creaciones de mitos de los barrios marginales y, en cambio, insta a seguir las prácticas de los turistas en el espacio y las consiguientes relaciones entretejidas con otras personas, espacios, objetos e ideas. Dentro de estos procesos, argumentamos que los turistas tienen agencia en la co-creación de significados que potencialmente pueden valorar los espacios y la cultura de los barrios marginales y proporcionar a sus partes integrales nuevos valores y poder. La tesis explora el caso de la favela turística Santa Marta en Río de Janeiro, que ha sido una de las favelas más visitadas de esa ciudad desde principios de la década de 1990. Utilizamos tres enfoques metodológicos para analizar los procesos de valorización y legitimación de los turistas, primero, un relato auto-etnográfico para analizar la experiencia personal del investigador; segundo, recreamos dos actores-redes entrelazados luego de dos tours antagónicas en Santa Marta; por último, realizamos un análisis de discurso de diferentes textos y actores, y los analisamos proponiendo tres categorías de legitimación.This PhD thesis aims to explain the extent to which tourists’ practices and performances can become enmeshed with the production or reproduction of slummed spaces and communities. Throughout the research, we reflect on whether tourism could be an avenue to legitimise marginalised people and places at various scales in the broader society of the Global urban South. We examined tourism's structuring and shaping effects over marginalised places and communities to find that tourist practices do not always work in favour of slums’ cultural legitimization and empowerment but for legitimising neoliberal development, control and fiscalization processes. We frame this investigation within Non-representational Theories (Thrift, 1996; 2008), or rather, more-than-representational ones. This post-structuralist group of theories, concepts, ideas and methods emphasise the agency of the moving and sentient body and the lack of hierarchy between humans and non-human things and centres the analysis on how hybrid actors interact, coexist and affect each other to produce realities and make sense of the world. Applying NRT to slum tourism’s studies entails departing from symbolic traces of meaning, branding or myth creations of slums and instead urges to follow tourists' embodied practices enacted on space and the consequent relations interwoven with other people, spaces, objects, and ideas, to create different versions of the tourist slum. Within these processes, we argue that tourists have agency in co-creating meanings that can potentially value slums’ spaces and culture and provide slum dwellers with new values and power. The dissertation explores the case of tourist favela Santa Marta in Rio de Janeiro, which has been one of the most visited slums in that city since the early 1990s. We use three methodological approaches to analyse tourists’ valorisation and legitimisation processes, first, an autoethnographic account to analyse the researcher’s personal experience; second, we recreate two actor-networks interwoven after two antagonistic tours in Santa Marta; lastly, we undertake a discourse analysis of media articles, for which we propose three legitimation categories

    Número 30 completo

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    Проблеми синхронного перекладу

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    Одним із найважливіших чинників здійснення міжкультурної комунікації в сучасному світі є перекладацька діяльність, потужну роль у якій відіграє синхронний переклад. Автори навчального посібника «Проблеми синхронного перекладу» (видання друге, переробл. та допов.) охоплюють широке коло питань перекладознавства, зокрема, мовні, соціолінгвальні та перекладацькі параметри; перекладознавчий аналіз; стандартизації й кодифікації сучасної наукової термінології; національно марковану лексику; переклад номінативних та комунікативних одиниць

    The role of transcription factor dFoxO in regulating tracheal terminal cell plasticity of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster

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    Plasticity is a fundamental biological process that ensures that individuals' morphology, behavior, and physiology adapt to match their environment. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate trait plasticity is important because knowledge of how phenotypic plasticity is regulated has significant consequences for the study of diseases that result from changes in plasticity. Reduced O2 levels—or hypoxia, can lead to irreversible cellular damage in organisms, and therefore, organisms have evolved adaptive responses to compensate for the lack of O2. Drosophila melanogaster is highly resistant to oxygen deficiency and its respiratory (tracheal) system has features in common with the vertebrate vascular system. The tracheal terminal cells (TTCs) are plastic in nature, and they respond to hypoxia and different dietary conditions by sprouting out new branches, a process that can be compared to angiogenesis in mammals. Here we elucidate the role of the transcription factor, Forkhead box protein O(dFoxO) in regulating TTC plasticity. Deregulation of FoxO activity in the TTCs achieved by deficiency and overexpression of FoxO led to the loss of plasticity of the terminal cells. However, partial reduction of expression of FoxO via RNAi led to hyperbranching phenotype, suggesting that FoxO need to be expressed at a physiologically relevant level to maintain plasticity of the terminal cells. Suppressing JNK activity in the terminal cells did not affect the plasticity of the terminal cells, suggesting that the FoxO regulation in the terminal cells is independent of JNK activity. On the other hand, the induced release of Insulin from the insulin producing cells positively regulated the terminal branching, implying dFoxO might be regulated via IIS signaling

    Operatic Pasticcios in 18th-Century Europe

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    In Early Modern times, techniques of assembling, compiling and arranging pre-existing material were part of the established working methods in many arts. In the world of 18th-century opera, such practices ensured that operas could become a commercial success because the substitution or compilation of arias fitting the singer's abilities proved the best recipe for fulfilling the expectations of audiences. Known as »pasticcios« since the 18th-century, these operas have long been considered inferior patchwork. The volume collects essays that reconsider the pasticcio, contextualize it, define its preconditions, look at its material aspects and uncover its aesthetical principles
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