46,001 research outputs found
Intermediate integer programming representations using value disjunctions
We introduce a general technique to create an extended formulation of a
mixed-integer program. We classify the integer variables into blocks, each of
which generates a finite set of vector values. The extended formulation is
constructed by creating a new binary variable for each generated value. Initial
experiments show that the extended formulation can have a more compact complete
description than the original formulation.
We prove that, using this reformulation technique, the facet description
decomposes into one ``linking polyhedron'' per block and the ``aggregated
polyhedron''. Each of these polyhedra can be analyzed separately. For the case
of identical coefficients in a block, we provide a complete description of the
linking polyhedron and a polynomial-time separation algorithm. Applied to the
knapsack with a fixed number of distinct coefficients, this theorem provides a
complete description in an extended space with a polynomial number of
variables.Comment: 26 pages, 5 figure
Three dimensional fixed charge bi-criterion indefinite quadratic transportation problem
The three-dimensional fixed charge transportation problem is an extension of the classical three-dimensional transportation problem in which a fixed cost is incurred for every origin. In the present paper three-dimensional fixed charge bi-criterion indefinite quadratic transportation problem, giving the same priority to cost as well as time, is studied. An algorithm to find the efficient cost-time trade off pairs in a three dimensional fixed charge bi-criterion indefinite quadratic transportation problem is developed. The algorithm is illustrated with the help of a numerical example
Fidelity-Weighted Learning
Training deep neural networks requires many training samples, but in practice
training labels are expensive to obtain and may be of varying quality, as some
may be from trusted expert labelers while others might be from heuristics or
other sources of weak supervision such as crowd-sourcing. This creates a
fundamental quality versus-quantity trade-off in the learning process. Do we
learn from the small amount of high-quality data or the potentially large
amount of weakly-labeled data? We argue that if the learner could somehow know
and take the label-quality into account when learning the data representation,
we could get the best of both worlds. To this end, we propose
"fidelity-weighted learning" (FWL), a semi-supervised student-teacher approach
for training deep neural networks using weakly-labeled data. FWL modulates the
parameter updates to a student network (trained on the task we care about) on a
per-sample basis according to the posterior confidence of its label-quality
estimated by a teacher (who has access to the high-quality labels). Both
student and teacher are learned from the data. We evaluate FWL on two tasks in
information retrieval and natural language processing where we outperform
state-of-the-art alternative semi-supervised methods, indicating that our
approach makes better use of strong and weak labels, and leads to better
task-dependent data representations.Comment: Published as a conference paper at ICLR 201
The sleekest link algorithm
How does Google decide which web sites are important? It uses an ingenious algorithm that exploits the structure of the web and is resistant to hacking. Here, we describe this PageRank algorithm, illustrate it by example, and show how it can be interpreted as a Jacobi iteration and a teleporting random walk. We also ask the algorithm to rank the undergraduate mathematics classes offered at the University of Strathclyde. PageRank draws upon ideas from linear algebra, graph theory and stochastic processes, and it throws up research-level challenges in scientific computing. It thus forms an exciting and modern application area that could brighten up many a mathematics class syllabus
Why Imposing New Tolls on Third-Party Content and Applications Threatens Innovation and Will Not Improve Broadband Providersâ Investment
While some broadband providers have called Internet content and application providers free riders on their infrastructure, this is incorrect and misguided. End-users pay for their residential broadband providers for access to the Internet, and content providers pay their own ISPs for connectivity as well. However, content providers need not pay residential broadband providersâ ISPs in order to reach their customers. This feature of the Internet has been one key factor that has allowed innovation to prosper and kept barriers to entry low, as the network transport market for content and application providers functions relatively efficiently. In this paper, I consider the impact of a departure from this current system. I examine the possible impact of last-mile broadband providersâ imposing âtermination feesâ on third-party content providers or application providers to reach end-users. Broadband providers would engage in paid prioritization arrangements â that is, application and content providers could pay the broadband provider to have their traffic prioritized over competitorsâ services. I argue that these arrangements would create inefficiency in the market and harm innovation. Because the last mile access broadband market is concentrated and consumers face switching costs, these concerns are particularly significant. Broadband providers insist that imposing these new charges will greatly improve network investment, and thus these charges are beneficial. I argue that this is not the case. Possible higher revenues from discrimination may simply be returned to shareholders and not invested. Additionally, evidence suggests networks invest more under non-discrimination requirements, and paid prioritization schemes would divert money towards managing scarcity instead of expanding capacity. Paid prioritization could even create an incentive for broadband providers to create congestion to increase the price of prioritized service.
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