115 research outputs found
Exploiting Data-Dependent Structure for Improving Sensor Acquisition and Integration
This thesis deals with two approaches to building efficient representations of data. The first is a study of compressive sensing and improved data acquisition. We outline the development of the theory, and proceed into its uses in matrix completion problems via convex optimization. The aim of this research is to prove that a general class of measurement operators, bounded norm Parseval frames, satisfy the necessary conditions for random subsampling and reconstruction. We then demonstrate an example of this theory in solving 2-dimensional Fredholm integrals with partial measurements. This has large ramifications in improved acquisition of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, for which we give several examples.
The second part of this thesis studies the Laplacian Eigenmaps (LE) algorithm and its uses in data fusion. In particular, we build a natural approximate inversion algorithm for LE embeddings using L1 regularization and MDS embedding techniques. We show how this inversion, combined with feature space rotation, leads to a novel form of data reconstruction and inpainting using a priori information. We demonstrate this method on hyperspectral imagery and LIDAR.
We also aim to understand and characterize the embeddings the LE algorithm gives. To this end, we characterize the order in which eigenvectors of a disjoint graph emerge and the support of those eigenvectors. We then extend this characterization to weakly connected graphs with clusters of differing sizes, utilizing the theory of invariant subspace perturbations and proving some novel results
Using learned under-sampling pattern for increasing speed of cardiac cine MRI based on compressive sensing principles
Abstract
This article presents a compressive sensing approach for reducing data acquisition time in cardiac cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In cardiac cine MRI, several images are acquired throughout the cardiac cycle, each of which is reconstructed from the raw data acquired in the Fourier transform domain, traditionally called k-space. In the proposed approach, a majority, e.g., 62.5%, of the k-space lines (trajectories) are acquired at the odd time points and a minority, e.g., 37.5%, of the k-space lines are acquired at the even time points of the cardiac cycle. Optimal data acquisition at the even time points is learned from the data acquired at the odd time points. To this end, statistical features of the k-space data at the odd time points are clustered by fuzzy c-means and the results are considered as the states of Markov chains. The resulting data is used to train hidden Markov models and find their transition matrices. Then, the trajectories corresponding to transition matrices far from an identity matrix are selected for data acquisition. At the end, an iterative thresholding algorithm is used to reconstruct the images from the under-sampled k-space datasets. The proposed approaches for selecting the k-space trajectories and reconstructing the images generate more accurate images compared to alternative methods. The proposed under-sampling approach achieves an acceleration factor of 2 for cardiac cine MRI
A New Hybrid Inversion Method for 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Combining TSVD and Tikhonov Regularization
This paper is concerned with the reconstruction of relaxation time distributions in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxometry. This is a large-scale and ill-posed inverse problem with many potential applications in biology, medicine, chemistry, and other disciplines. However, the large amount of data and the consequently long inversion times, together with the high sensitivity of the solution to the value of the regularization parameter, still represent a major issue in the applicability of the NMR relaxometry. We present a method for two-dimensional data inversion (2DNMR) which combines Truncated Singular Value Decomposition and Tikhonov regularization in order to accelerate the inversion time and to reduce the sensitivity to the value of the regularization parameter. The Discrete Picard condition is used to jointly select the SVD truncation and Tikhonov regularization parameters. We evaluate the performance of the proposed method on both simulated and real NMR measurements
Sparse and Redundant Representations for Inverse Problems and Recognition
Sparse and redundant representation of data enables the
description of signals as linear combinations of a few atoms from
a dictionary. In this dissertation, we study applications of
sparse and redundant representations in inverse problems and
object recognition. Furthermore, we propose two novel imaging
modalities based on the recently introduced theory of Compressed
Sensing (CS).
This dissertation consists of four major parts. In the first part
of the dissertation, we study a new type of deconvolution
algorithm that is based on estimating the image from a shearlet
decomposition. Shearlets provide a multi-directional and
multi-scale decomposition that has been mathematically shown to
represent distributed discontinuities such as edges better than
traditional wavelets. We develop a deconvolution algorithm that
allows for the approximation inversion operator to be controlled
on a multi-scale and multi-directional basis. Furthermore, we
develop a method for the automatic determination of the threshold
values for the noise shrinkage for each scale and direction
without explicit knowledge of the noise variance using a
generalized cross validation method.
In the second part of the dissertation, we study a reconstruction
method that recovers highly undersampled images assumed to have a
sparse representation in a gradient domain by using partial
measurement samples that are collected in the Fourier domain. Our
method makes use of a robust generalized Poisson solver that
greatly aids in achieving a significantly improved performance
over similar proposed methods. We will demonstrate by experiments
that this new technique is more flexible to work with either
random or restricted sampling scenarios better than its
competitors.
In the third part of the dissertation, we introduce a novel
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging modality which can provide
a high resolution map of the spatial distribution of targets and
terrain using a significantly reduced number of needed transmitted
and/or received electromagnetic waveforms. We demonstrate that
this new imaging scheme, requires no new hardware components and
allows the aperture to be compressed. Also, it
presents many new applications and advantages which include strong
resistance to countermesasures and interception, imaging much
wider swaths and reduced on-board storage requirements.
The last part of the dissertation deals with object recognition
based on learning dictionaries for simultaneous sparse signal
approximations and feature extraction. A dictionary is learned
for each object class based on given training examples which
minimize the representation error with a sparseness constraint. A
novel test image is then projected onto the span of the atoms in
each learned dictionary. The residual vectors along with the
coefficients are then used for recognition. Applications to
illumination robust face recognition and automatic target
recognition are presented
Recommended from our members
Obtaining sparse distributions in 2D inverse problems
The mathematics of inverse problems has relevance across numerous estimation problems in science and engineering. L1 regularization has attracted recent attention in reconstructing the system properties in the case of sparse inverse problems; i.e., when the true property sought is not adequately described by a continuous distribution, in particular in Compressed Sensing image reconstruction. In this work, we focus on the application of L1 regularization to a class of inverse problems; relaxation-relaxation, T1–T2, and diffusion-relaxation, D–T2, correlation experiments in NMR, which have found widespread applications in a number of areas including probing surface interactions in catalysis and characterizing fluid composition and pore structures in rocks. We introduce a robust algorithm for solving the L1 regularization problem and provide a guide to implementing it, including the choice of the amount of regularization used and the assignment of error estimates. We then show experimentally that L1 regularization has significant advantages over both the Non-Negative Least Squares (NNLS) algorithm and Tikhonov regularization. It is shown that the L1 regularization algorithm stably recovers a distribution at a signal to noise ratio < 20 and that it resolves relaxation time constants and diffusion coefficients differing by as little as 10%. The enhanced resolving capability is used to measure the inter and intra particle concentrations of a mixture of hexane and dodecane present within porous silica beads immersed within a bulk liquid phase; neither NNLS nor Tikhonov regularization are able to provide this resolution. This experimental study shows that the approach enables discrimination between different chemical species when direct spectroscopic discrimination is impossible, and hence measurement of chemical composition within porous media, such as catalysts or rocks, is possible while still being stable to high levels of noise.A.R. acknowledges Gates Trust Cambridge for financial support. A.J.S. and L.F.G. would like to acknowledge support from EPSRC (EP/N009304/1)
Tensor Completion for Multidimensional Inverse Problems with Applications to Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry
This thesis deals with tensor completion for the solution of multidimensional inverse problems. We study the problem of reconstructing an approximately low rank tensor from a small number of noisy linear measurements. New recovery guarantees, numerical algorithms, non-uniform sampling strategies, and parameter selection algorithms are developed.
We derive a fixed point continuation algorithm for tensor completion and prove its convergence. A restricted isometry property (RIP) based tensor recovery guarantee is proved. Probabilistic recovery guarantees are obtained for sub-Gaussian measurement operators and for measurements obtained by non-uniform sampling from a Parseval tight frame.
We show how tensor completion can be used to solve multidimensional inverse problems arising in NMR relaxometry. Algorithms are developed for regularization parameter selection, including accelerated k-fold cross-validation and generalized cross-validation. These methods are validated on experimental and simulated data. We also derive condition number estimates for nonnegative least squares problems.
Tensor recovery promises to significantly accelerate N-dimensional NMR relaxometry and related experiments, enabling previously impractical experiments. Our methods could also be applied to other inverse problems arising in machine learning, image processing, signal processing, computer vision, and other fields
Variational Methods for Discrete Tomography
Image reconstruction from tomographic sampled data has contoured as a stand alone research area with application in many practical situations, in domains
such as medical imaging, seismology, astronomy, flow analysis, industrial inspection and many more. Already existing algorithms on the market (continuous)
fail in being able to model the analysed object. In this thesis, we study discrete tomographic approaches that enable the addition of constraints in order to better
fit the description of the analysed object and improve the end result. A particular focus is set on assumptions regarding the signals' sampling methodology, point
at which we look towards the recently introduced Compressive Sensing (CS) approach, that has shown to return remarkable results based on how sparse a given
signal is. However, research done in the CS field does not accurately relate to real world applications, as objects usually surrounding us are considered to be piece-wise constant (not sparse on their own) and the properties of the sensing matrices from the viewpoint of CS do not re
ect real acquisition processes. Motivated by these shortcomings, we study signals that are sparse in a given representation, e.g. the forward-difference operator (total variation) and develop reconstruction diagrams (phase transitions) with the help of linear programming, convex analysis and duality that enable the user to pin-point the type of objects (with regard to their sparsity) which can be reconstructed, given an ensemble of acquisition
directions. Moreover, a closer look is given to handling large data volumes, by adding different perturbations (entropic, quadratic) to the already constrained
linear program. In empirical assessments, perturbation has lead to an increased reconstruction rate. Needless to say, the topic of this thesis is motivated by industrial applications where the acquisition process is restricted to a maximum of nine cameras, thus returning a severely undersampled inverse problem
Relaxed regularization for linear inverse problems
We consider regularized least-squares problems of the form . Recently, Zheng et al.,
2019, proposed an algorithm called Sparse Relaxed Regularized Regression (SR3)
that employs a splitting strategy by introducing an auxiliary variable and
solves . By minimizing out the variable we obtain an
equivalent system . In our work we view the SR3 method as a
way to approximately solve the regularized problem. We analyze the conditioning
of the relaxed problem in general and give an expression for the SVD of
as a function of .
Furthermore, we relate the Pareto curve of the original problem to the
relaxed problem and we quantify the error incurred by relaxation in terms of
. Finally, we propose an efficient iterative method for solving the
relaxed problem with inexact inner iterations. Numerical examples illustrate
the approach.Comment: 25 pages, 14 figures, submitted to SIAM Journal for Scientific
Computing special issue Sixteenth Copper Mountain Conference on Iterative
Method
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