Game Solvable By Backward Reasoning

Inti dari permainan strategi adalah saling ketergantungan dari keputusan para pemain. Prinsip umum untuk permainan sekuensial-bergerak adalah bahwa setiap pemain harus mencari tahu respons masa depan pemain lain dan menggunakannya dalam menghitung langkah terbaiknya saat ini. Gagasan ini sangat penting sehingga perlu dikodifikasikan menjadi aturan dasar perilaku strategis. Pada kesempatan ini, penulis memfokusan penulisan pada perihal permainan dapat dipecahkan dengan penalaran mundur. Buku dan beberapa journal telah dikumpulkan untuk selanjutnya menjadi bahan guna menambah lebih banyak konstruksi ke dalam permainan dengan penalaran penting. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi pentingnya Backward Reasoning dalam dalam pemecahan sebuah permainan dalam bisnis sebelum menentukan strategi interaksi

Dynamic quantum games

Quantum games represent the really twenty-first century branch of game theory, tightly linked to the modern development of quantum computing and quantum technologies. The main accent in these developments so far was made on stationary or repeated games. In this paper, we aim at initiating the truly dynamic theory with strategies chosen by players in real time. Since direct continuous observations are known to destroy quantum evolutions (so-called quantum Zeno paradox), the necessary new ingredient for quantum dynamic games must be the theory of non-direct observations and the corresponding quantum filtering. Apart from the technical problems in organizing feedback quantum control in real time, the difficulty in applying this theory for obtaining mathematically amenable control systems is due partially to the fact that it leads usually to rather non-trivial jump-type Markov processes and/or degenerate diffusions on manifolds, for which the corresponding control is very difficult to handle. The starting point for the present research is the remarkable discovery (quite unexpected, at least to the author) that there exists a very natural class of homodyne detections such that the diffusion processes on projective spaces resulting by filtering under such arrangements coincide exactly with the standard Brownian motions (BM) on these spaces. In some cases, one can even reduce the process to the plain BM on Euclidean spaces or tori. The theory of such motions is well studied making it possible to develop a tractable theory of related control and games, which can be at the same time practically implemented on quantum optical devices