Design of a fault tolerant airborne digital computer. Volume 1: Architecture

This volume is concerned with the architecture of a fault tolerant digital computer for an advanced commercial aircraft. All of the computations of the aircraft, including those presently carried out by analogue techniques, are to be carried out in this digital computer. Among the important qualities of the computer are the following: (1) The capacity is to be matched to the aircraft environment. (2) The reliability is to be selectively matched to the criticality and deadline requirements of each of the computations. (3) The system is to be readily expandable. contractible, and (4) The design is to appropriate to post 1975 technology. Three candidate architectures are discussed and assessed in terms of the above qualities. Of the three candidates, a newly conceived architecture, Software Implemented Fault Tolerance (SIFT), provides the best match to the above qualities. In addition SIFT is particularly simple and believable. The other candidates, Bus Checker System (BUCS), also newly conceived in this project, and the Hopkins multiprocessor are potentially more efficient than SIFT in the use of redundancy, but otherwise are not as attractive

Quantum channels and memory effects

Any physical process can be represented as a quantum channel mapping an initial state to a final state. Hence it can be characterized from the point of view of communication theory, i.e., in terms of its ability to transfer information. Quantum information provides a theoretical framework and the proper mathematical tools to accomplish this. In this context the notion of codes and communication capacities have been introduced by generalizing them from the classical Shannon theory of information transmission and error correction. The underlying assumption of this approach is to consider the channel not as acting on a single system, but on sequences of systems, which, when properly initialized allow one to overcome the noisy effects induced by the physical process under consideration. While most of the work produced so far has been focused on the case in which a given channel transformation acts identically and independently on the various elements of the sequence (memoryless configuration in jargon), correlated error models appear to be a more realistic way to approach the problem. A slightly different, yet conceptually related, notion of correlated errors applies to a single quantum system which evolves continuously in time under the influence of an external disturbance which acts on it in a non-Markovian fashion. This leads to the study of memory effects in quantum channels: a fertile ground where interesting novel phenomena emerge at the intersection of quantum information theory and other branches of physics. A survey is taken of the field of quantum channels theory while also embracing these specific and complex settings.Comment: Review article, 61 pages, 26 figures; 400 references. Final version of the manuscript, typos correcte

Selected Papers from the First International Symposium on Future ICT (Future-ICT 2019) in Conjunction with 4th International Symposium on Mobile Internet Security (MobiSec 2019)

The International Symposium on Future ICT (Future-ICT 2019) in conjunction with the 4th International Symposium on Mobile Internet Security (MobiSec 2019) was held on 17–19 October 2019 in Taichung, Taiwan. The symposium provided academic and industry professionals an opportunity to discuss the latest issues and progress in advancing smart applications based on future ICT and its relative security. The symposium aimed to publish high-quality papers strictly related to the various theories and practical applications concerning advanced smart applications, future ICT, and related communications and networks. It was expected that the symposium and its publications would be a trigger for further related research and technology improvements in this field

NASA SERC 1990 Symposium on VLSI Design

This document contains papers presented at the first annual NASA Symposium on VLSI Design. NASA's involvement in this event demonstrates a need for research and development in high performance computing. High performance computing addresses problems faced by the scientific and industrial communities. High performance computing is needed in: (1) real-time manipulation of large data sets; (2) advanced systems control of spacecraft; (3) digital data transmission, error correction, and image compression; and (4) expert system control of spacecraft. Clearly, a valuable technology in meeting these needs is Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI). This conference addresses the following issues in VLSI design: (1) system architectures; (2) electronics; (3) algorithms; and (4) CAD tools

A study of major coding techniques for digital communication Final report

Coding techniques for digital communication channel

MEMS sensors as physical unclonable functions

A fundamental requirement of any crypto system is that secret-key material remains securely stored so that it is robust in withstanding attacks including physical tampering. In this context, physical unclonable functions (PUFs) have been proposed to store cryptographic secrets in a particularly secure manner. In this thesis, the feasibility of using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors for secure key storage purposes is evaluated for the first time. To this end, we investigated an off-the-shelf 3-axis MEMS gyroscope design and used its properties to derive a unique fingerprint from each sensor. We thoroughly examined the robustness of the derived fingerprints against temperature variation and aging. We extracted stable keys with nearly full entropy from the fingerprints. The security level of the extracted keys lies in a range between 27 bits and 150 bits depending on the applied test conditions and the used entropy estimation method. Moreover, we provide experimental evidence that the extractable key length is higher in practice when multiple wafers are considered. In addition, it is shown that further improvements could be achieved by using more precise measurement techniques and by optimizing the MEMS design. The robustness of a MEMS PUF against tampering and malicious read-outs was tested by three different types of physical attacks. We could show that MEMS PUFs provide a high level of protection due to the sensitivity of their characteristics to disassembly.Eine grundlegende Anforderung jedes Kryptosystems ist, dass der verwendete geheime Schlüssel sicher und geschützt aufbewahrt wird. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden physikalisch unklonbare Funktionen (PUFs) vorgeschlagen, um kryptographische Geheimnisse besonders sicher zu speichern. In dieser Arbeit wird erstmals die Verwendbarkeit von mikroelektromechanischen Systemen (MEMS) für die sichere Schlüsselspeicherung anhand eines 3-achsigen MEMS Drehratensensor gezeigt. Dabei werden die Eigenschaften der Sensoren zur Ableitung eines eindeutigen Fingerabdrucks verwendet. Die Temperatur- und Langzeitstabilität der abgeleiteten Fingerabdrücke wurde ausführlich untersucht. Aus den Fingerabdrücken wurden stabile Schlüssel mit einem Sicherheitsniveau zwischen 27 Bit und 150 Bit, abhängig von den Testbedingungen und der verwendeten Entropie-Schätzmethode, extrahiert. Außerdem konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Schlüssellänge ansteigt, je mehr Wafer betrachtet werden. Darüber hinaus wurde die Verwendung einer präziseren Messtechnik und eine Optimierung des MEMS-Designs als potentielle Verbesserungsmaßnahmen identifiziert. Die Robustheit einer MEMS PUF gegen Manipulationen und feindseliges Auslesen durch verschiedene Arten von physikalischen Angriffen wurde untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass MEMS PUFs aufgrund der Empfindlichkeit ihrer Eigenschaften hinsichtlich einer Öffnung des Mold-Gehäuses eine hohe Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber invasiven Angriffen aufweisen