Review of Electric Vehicle Charging Technologies, Configurations, and Architectures

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are projected to be one of the major contributors to energy transition in the global transportation due to their rapid expansion. The EVs will play a vital role in achieving a sustainable transportation system by reducing fossil fuel dependency and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, high level of EVs integration into the distribution grid has introduced many challenges for the power grid operation, safety, and network planning due to the increase in load demand, power quality impacts and power losses. An increasing fleet of electric mobility requires the advanced charging systems to enhance charging efficiency and utility grid support. Innovative EV charging technologies are obtaining much attention in recent research studies aimed at strengthening EV adoption while providing ancillary services. Therefore, analysis of the status of EV charging technologies is significant to accelerate EV adoption with advanced control strategies to discover a remedial solution for negative grid impacts, enhance desired charging efficiency and grid support. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the current deployment of EV charging systems, international standards, charging configurations, EV battery technologies, architecture of EV charging stations, and emerging technical challenges. The charging systems require a dedicated converter topology, a control strategy and international standards for charging and grid interconnection to ensure optimum operation and enhance grid support. An overview of different charging systems in terms of onboard and off-board chargers, AC-DC and DC-DC converter topologies, and AC and DC-based charging station architectures are evaluated

A Novel Application of Zero-Current-Switching Quasiresonant Buck Converter for Battery Chargers

The main purpose of this paper is to develop a novel application of a resonant switch converter for battery chargers. A zero-current-switching (ZCS) converter with a quasiresonant converter (QRC) was used as the main structure. The proposed ZCS dc–dc battery charger has a straightforward structure, low cost, easy control, and high efficiency. The operating principles and design procedure of the proposed charger are thoroughly analyzed. The optimal values of the resonant components are computed by applying the characteristic curve and electric functions derived from the circuit configuration. Experiments were conducted using lead-acid batteries. The optimal parameters of the resonance components were determined using the load characteristic curve diagrams. These values enable the battery charger to turn on and off at zero current, resulting in a reduction of switching losses. The results of the experiments show that when compared with the traditional pulse-width-modulation (PWM) converter for a battery charger, the buck converter with a zero- current-switching quasiresonant converter can lower the temperature of the activepower switch

Optimal design of line level control resonant converters in plug‐in hybrid electric vehicle battery chargers

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163784/1/els2bf00015.pd

Hybrid micro-grids exploiting renewables sources, battery energy storages and bi-directional converters

publishedVersio

CONVERTER FOR WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER IN ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM

Electric vehicle does not require oil consumption and it does not emit gas pollutants as it uses electrical engine to run its system. Electric vehicle provides the solution for the awareness of the limited fossil fuels and environmental issues such as green house gas emission. The technical solution of the electric vehicle charging system is one of the challenges because it does not have standard solutions. In the future, wireless charging system is the best method of electric vehicle charging system compared to the conventional plug-in or conductive charging as it offers more convinient, faster and user friendly of charging system. This paper addresses the design of the converter for wireless power transfer in electric vehicle battery charging system. A research studies about electric vehicle charging system was made and all related theories and information are gathered in a literature review. With the pre-planned methodology that was made to guide the project flow, a converter design is develop from a resonant converter basic design approach using PSPICE simulation by determining the current and voltages, in several points of the circuit. The project has proved that by using this method, a variable DC output voltage of the converter can be obtained by controlling the value of the switching frequency. With this characteristic, the objective of the project has been achieved. However, a further research on rectifier for very high frequency should be made to improve the power transfer efficiency which is very significant in the circuit design

Development of a Resonant High Power Charging Station for Fleet Vehicles

C onventional vehicles chargers are based on plugging the car battery using wire to the electricity grid through some conversion levels. In general, this system is an interface between the AC grid and the battery which requires DC voltages. The focus of this research is on wireless power charging technology. The wireless configuration benefits the system by providing electric isolation between transmitter and receiver side, and by making the charging process more convenient for the users. One major drawback of the wireless charging systems in compare to the conventional system is the lower efficiency of these systems. The resonant high power charging configuration of this study is designed to tackle this problem by enabling soft switching to minimize the switching loss. In this research a resonant LLC configuration is used for the EV charging application. The configuration and the step by step design of the resonant circuit is illustrated and analyzed. Also, other different topologies of the wireless charging systems have been introduced and compared with the proposed topology. The converter is modeled and simulated for different modes of operation. The optimal frequency selection which is dictated by the resonant circuit and magnetic design is obtained based on the mathematical model of the circuitry. The simulation results show that the designed converter improves the efficiency significantly using the resonant wireless charging configuration

EV Wireless Charger

As electric vehicles of all sizes become more popular, the demands for convenient ways of powering them grow as well. Wireless chargers have become a preferred alternative to conventional wired chargers for their convenience and safety features. This thesis covers the design and testing of a wireless charger suitable for a small electric vehicle such as an E-bike. An inductive based power transfer is used along with key electronics including inverters, rectifiers, buck and boost converters. Another important element to this design is its ability to use either a DC or AC primary source. This makes the charger more versatile than single source designs by allowing for the choice of a power grid connection or an off-grid power such as through a solar panel. The design process for all components will be discussed and followed with simulation results showing ideal performance. A prototype is also constructed to provide real life analysis of the design and to determine effects of misalignment

Development of a Resonant High Power Charging Station for Fleet Vehicles

C onventional vehicles chargers are based on plugging the car battery using wire to the electricity grid through some conversion levels. In general, this system is an interface between the AC grid and the battery which requires DC voltages. The focus of this research is on wireless power charging technology. The wireless configuration benefits the system by providing electric isolation between transmitter and receiver side, and by making the charging process more convenient for the users. One major drawback of the wireless charging systems in compare to the conventional system is the lower efficiency of these systems. The resonant high power charging configuration of this study is designed to tackle this problem by enabling soft switching to minimize the switching loss. In this research a resonant LLC configuration is used for the EV charging application. The configuration and the step by step design of the resonant circuit is illustrated and analyzed. Also, other different topologies of the wireless charging systems have been introduced and compared with the proposed topology. The converter is modeled and simulated for different modes of operation. The optimal frequency selection which is dictated by the resonant circuit and magnetic design is obtained based on the mathematical model of the circuitry. The simulation results show that the designed converter improves the efficiency significantly using the resonant wireless charging configuration

An overview of electric vehicles-challenges and opportunities

In response to concerns about energy cost, energy dependence and environmental damage, a rekindling of interest in electric vehicles (EVs) has been obvious. Based on the “California rules” on zero emission vehicles in the United States as well as similar tightened air pollution regulations in Europe, Asia and much of the rest of the world, the market size of EVs will be enormous. Thus, the development of power electronics technology for EVs will take an accelerated pace to fulfil the market needs. This paper reviews the current status of multidisciplinary technologies in EVs. Various challenges of power electronics technology for EV propulsion, battery charging and power accessories are explored.published_or_final_versio