Community participatory design in the information systems development process in Africa: a systemic literature review

Participatory design (PO) pertains to the different ways of incorporating ideas and acts of organisational members in designing, developing and evaluating an Information Systems (IS) artefact. The context of this study is community organisations in African settings participating in the designing and developing of an IS artefact. The study traces and synthesises findings from 95 articles on community PO in Information Systems Development in Africa. It argues that community PO consists of vast diverse constructs and implementations. This produced and reproduced concept is formulated in five major themes of: conceptualisations; ethics; standards; checks and balances and approaches; and perspectives and methodologies of PD. The themes constitute the possible ways of classifying PO research and practice in African settings. The results demonstrate that there is a wide belief that participation is one of the vital ingredients necessary for successful designing of IS artefacts for human development. However, the different elements involved in PO involve much discussion on what is known and needs to be known about PO and how to achieve the desired results by PD. The study uses Critical Research philosophy to pay special attention to the behavioural and attitudinal arguments of the different PO practices on community organisations. The researcher found Design Science (OS) principles that centre on devising an artefact as appropriate to frame this work. In sum, through the use of Critical Research and a OS lens, the researcher found that community participation is important in designing a useful IS artefact, but treacherous if misunderstood and inappropriately implemented

A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE APPLICATION OF CAPABILITY APPROACH IN THE ICT4D STUDIES

The applicability of the Capability approach (CA) continue to be a lingering problem in the Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) studies. The aim of this systematic literature review (SLR) is to review the use of the CA and its application in the ICT4D studies. The study synthesized literature from Three ICT4D journals: The Information Technologies & International Development (ITID), Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries (EJISDC) and Information Technology for Development (ITD). We reviewed articles published between January 2004 to January 2019. The study reveals a mismatch and misalignment on the understanding of some of the concepts of the CA such as development/empowerment, especially when people and information technology are incorporated in the studies. Thus, there seems to be dearth consensual knowledge of CA when particularized to people with disability when they adopt mobile phone as a source of development and/or empowerment in the ICT4D domain. This calls for a further examination and contextualisation of the concepts of the CA in line with mobile phone use, people with disability and empowerment in the ICT4D domain

THE STOF MODEL AND A DEVELOPMENT-ORIENTED MOBILE INNOVATION

Service innovations in modern economies are driven by the need to gain competitive advantage, technology advancements, market demand and organizational innovation. Uniquely, the need for social development presents opportunities for service innovations in developing nations, particularly in the delivery of social services. The thriving mobile industry in the continent provides new possibilities for development practitioners to design services that might fill gaps in social service delivery for poor communities. The challenge facing development-oriented innovations is sustainability. Sustainability is attained through continuous value generation for users and service owner(s). Proposals to developers of these innovations have therefore focused on business model application and evaluations to ascertain their ability to generate value. The complexity however of service innovation in the modern mobile industry requires a unique perspective of service design and evaluation. This paper introduces the STOF model, a business model framework for mobile service innovations in modern economies to an existing developmentoriented service innovation in Uganda. The framework uses the model’s four domains (Service, Technology, Organization and Finance) and their relational Critical Success Factors (CSF), to define and evaluate the innovation. These CSF were defined from web publications on the innovation. The evaluation discovered that some of the CSF, due to poor design and strategic decisions, where poorly defined and formulated, which in turn caused an imbalance in the overall business model and therefore value generation

Promoting Scalability and Sustainability of ICT4D Projects Using Open Source Software

There is an increasing consensus that information and communication technologies (ICTs) bring an opportunity for developing countries to reach development goals in various areas, yet a large number of the projects that utilize ICT for development (ICT4D) are considered full or partial failures. One of the most critical challenges identified is that ICT4D practice tends to produce pilot projects, but it fails to provide scalable and sustainable solutions for capacity development. Open source software (OSS), with its particular licensing scheme and community-based development method, has been touted as a possible solution to some of the problems that ICT4D practice is often claimed to cause. However, prior research has barely discussed or empirically studied the potential of OSS in promoting scalability and sustainability of ICT4D projects. This study aims to provide an answer to the research question: How to promote scalability and sustainability of ICT4D projects using open source software? The study draws from empirical research conducted in a case project to answer the research question. The author of this study participated in a capacity development project in Kenya coordinated by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and financed by the Government of Finland’s development assistance program during years 2006-2008. The project developed a software to help in computerization of agricultural cooperatives and licensed it with an open source software license, so that it could be freely used by both agricultural cooperatives and local ICT companies, in order for the latter to be able to provide support services to the cooperatives. The action case research method was sed to both introduce change to the problematic “real-life” situation and to increase understanding of the area of concern. Consequently, this study provides a detailed description how research-based insights were used to manage the sustainability and scalability issues in the case project The results of the study include an assessment of the role of open source software in promoting scalability and sustainability of ICT4D projects, which implies that OSS may lay a foundation for the creation of a business ecosystem supporting scalability and sustainability, but OSS in itself does not solve challenges related to the demand and supply of technology. In addition, the study discusses the nature of the scalability and sustainability problem and presents a model of the elements influencing scalability and sustainability of ICT4D projects. The study contributes to the field of open source software research by focusing on a type of an OSS project that has been little studied and highlights the importance of project characteristics and context. It complements the OSS in developing country research that often discusses OSS in an overly positive manner by reporting the challenges experienced in the case project. The study also contributes to the discussion of ICT4D project failure in development informatics research by improving conceptual clarity, defining the scalability and sustainability problem in detail, identifying elements influencing scalability and sustainability and by providing insights into the role of OSS in solving the scalability and sustainability problem. For practitioners involved with OSS or ICT4D projects, the study provides conceptual tools and advises against expecting simple solutions to difficult development problems.Kehitysmaiden uskotaan voivan saavuttaa kehitykseen liittyviä tavoitteitaan tieto- ja viestintäteknologiaa (engl. information and communication technologies, ICT) hyödyntämällä. Suuri osa ICT-teknologiaa hyödyntävistä kehitysyhteistyöhankkeista kuitenkin epäonnistuu osittain tai täysin. Eräs keskeinen ongelma teknologian hyödyntämisessä kehitysyhteistyössä on ollut, että toiminnan tuloksena syntyy paljon pilottihankkeita, mutta liian harvoin skaalautuvia ja kestäviä ratkaisuja kehitysmaiden toimintavalmiuksien parantamiseksi. Avoimen lähdekoodin ohjelmistoja on pidetty mahdollisena ratkaisuna ICT-teknologiaa hyödyntävien kehitysyhteistyöhankkeiden haasteisiin, sillä niitä voidaan kehittää yhteisöllisesti ja lisensointi mahdollistaa ohjelmistojen vapaan hyödyntämisen. Avoimen lähdekoodin ohjelmistojen käyttöä ICT-teknologiaa hyödyntävien kehitysyhteistyöhankkeiden skaalautuvuuden ja kestävyyden parantamisessa ei kuitenkaan ole juuri tutkittu. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on vastata seuraavaan kysymykseen: Miten ICT-teknologiaa hyödyntävien kehitysyhteistyöhankkeiden skaalautuvuutta ja kestävyyttä voidaan parantaa avoimen lähdekoodin ohjelmistoilla? Aihetta lähestytään tarkasteluun valitun hankkeen kautta empiirisesti. Hanke oli Yhdistyneiden kansakuntien elintarvike- ja maatalousjärjestön koordinoima ja Suomen kehitysyhteistyöohjelman rahoittama valmiuksien kehittämishanke, joka toteutettiin Keniassa vuosina 2006‒2008 ja johon tutkimuksen tekijä myös itse osallistui. Hankkeessa kehitettiin ohjelmisto maatalousosuuskuntien tietokoneistamisen tueksi. Tämä lisensoitiin avoimen lähdekoodin ohjelmistolisenssillä, jotta ohjelmisto olisi vapaasti hyödynnettävissä sekä osuuskunnissa että paikallisissa ICT-yrityksissä. Näin paikalliset ICT-yritykset voisivat tarjota tukipalveluita osuuskunnille. Tapaustutkimusta ja toimintatutkimusta yhdistävän tutkimusmenetelmän keinoin pyrittiin sekä ratkaisemaan hankkeen haasteita että lisäämään ymmärrystä tutkimusaiheesta. Tässä tutkimuksessa kuvataan, miten aiempaan tutkimukseen pohjautuvia näkemyksiä hyödynnettiin hankkeen skaalautuvuuteen ja kestävyyteen liittyvien haasteiden ratkaisussa. Tutkimuksen tuloksena on arvio avoimen lähdekoodin ohjelmistojen merkityksestä ICT-teknologiaa hyödyntävien kehitysyhteistyöhankkeiden skaalautuvuuden ja kestävyyden parantamisessa, minkä mukaan avoimen lähdekoodin ohjelmistoilla voidaan luoda edellytykset teknologian skaalautuvuutta ja kestävyyttä tukevan liiketoimintaekosysteemin synnylle, mutta se ei itsessään ratkaise teknologian kysyntään ja tarjontaan liittyviä haasteita. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa käsitellään skaalautuvuuden ja kestävyyden haasteen luonnetta sekä luodaan malli ICT-teknologiaa hyödyntävien kehitysyhteistyöhankkeiden skaalautuvuuteen ja kestävyyteen vaikuttavista osatekijöistä. Tämä tutkimus edistää avoimen lähdekoodin tutkimusta fokusoitumalla hanketyyppiin, jota ei ole juuri aiemmin tutkittu, korostaen hankkeiden luonteen ja kontekstin merkitystä alan tutkimuksessa. Avoimen lähdekoodin hyödyntämistä kehitysmaissa koskeva tutkimus on usein esittänyt avoimen lähdekoodin mahdollisuudet hyvin optimistisesti, jättäen haasteet vähäiselle tarkastelulle – tämä tutkimus täydentääkin alan tutkimusta raportoimalla kohteena olleen hankkeen haasteista. Lisäksi tämä tutkimus edistää kehitysyhteistyötä koskevan informatiikan tutkimuksen puitteissa käytävää keskustelua teknologiaa hyödyntävien kehitysyhteistyöhankkeiden epäonnistumisista selkeyttämällä käsitteitä, tarkentamalla skaalautuvuuden ja kestävyyden haasteen määrittelyä, tunnistamalla skaalautuvuuteen ja kestävyyteen vaikuttavia osatekijöitä sekä parantamalla ymmärrystä avoimen lähdekoodin merkityksestä haasteen ratkaisussa. Avoimen lähdekoodin hankkeiden tai teknologiaa hyödyntävien kehitysyhteistyöhankkeiden parissa toimiville tutkimus tarjoaa käsitteleellisiä työkaluja ja neuvoja, joiden mukaan vaikeisiin kehityshaasteisiin ei tule odottaa helppoja ratkaisuja.Siirretty Doriast

Human computer interaction for international development: past present and future

Recent years have seen a burgeoning interest in research into the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the context of developing regions, particularly into how such ICTs might be appropriately designed to meet the unique user and infrastructural requirements that we encounter in these cross-cultural environments. This emerging field, known to some as HCI4D, is the product of a diverse set of origins. As such, it can often be difficult to navigate prior work, and/or to piece together a broad picture of what the field looks like as a whole. In this paper, we aim to contextualize HCI4D—to give it some historical background, to review its existing literature spanning a number of research traditions, to discuss some of its key issues arising from the work done so far, and to suggest some major research objectives for the future

A Methodology for Context—Specific Information Systems Design Theorizing

Prescriptive knowledge constitutes one of the important contributions of information systems design theorizing in information systems (IS) research. Existing methods for IS design theorizing apply kernel/reference theories as sources of justificatory knowledge that serve to justify and validate the knowledge produced. This has gaps in guiding how specific contexts of stakeholders and their practices can be entertained in the design process. This research attempts to address the above void, taking a socio-technically complex agricultural extension information service and the contexts that define it into account. The research builds on an existing IS design theory framework and shows how it can be improved by incorporating context into its components. It contributes to theory by adapting the existing frameworks using contextual insights from the local development practices and the stakeholders’ conditions. It in turn contributes to practice by developing a context-specific knowledge that can guide practitioners engaged in rolling out information and communication technology for development interventions in such environments

Intervention or Collaboration?:Rethinking Information and Communication Technologies for Development

Over the past decades information system developers and knowledge engineers in ICT projects in wealthy regions of the world have come to realize that technical work can only be successful when situated in a broader organizational context. However, for low-resource environments (or example rural Africa), where contextual embedding is even more demanding given the complexity of these environments, practical, context-oriented methodologies how to "do" information systems engineering are still lacking. This book gives a basic but thorough insight how to develop information systems and services for people in low resource environments, from a socio-technical, information systems engineering perspective, presenting field-validated methods that cover the complete lifecycle of information systems engineering, with emphasis on context analysis, needs assessment, use case and requirements analysis and (business) sustainability analysis. Since technical development does not go without critical reflection, this book also investigates which (tacit) assumptions affect the way technologies are implemented in poor, low-resource environments. Linking collaborative sociotechnical development with theories of complexity and social networks of innovation, this book offers a reflective and critical approach to information and communication technologies for development

Understanding the Role of Stakeholders in Fostering Sustainability of ICT4D Projects: Towards a Conceptual Framework

One of the significant determinant factors in relation to stakeholders engagement in development projects is the degree of their role. Sustainability of a project has a relationship with stakeholders\u27 involvement. However, in the ICT4D domain, there is a lack of insight, literature, theoretical models, and framework to understand stakeholder perspectives. In recent information systems literature, it is argued that there is a lack of formally capturing stakeholder perspectives and lack of knowledge related to stakeholder interactions in relation to sustaining ICT4D projects. This research-in-progress paper aims to explore this issue and attempts to address this gap by proposing a theoretical framework on how sustainability-related issues of ICT4D projects can be better understood through the lens of stakeholders theory and capability approach