Optimal packet routing for wireless body area network using software defined network to handle medical emergency

The packet forwarding node selection is one of the main constraints in the Software Defined Network (SDN). To improve the network performance, the SDN controller has to choose the shortest and optimised path between source and destination in routine and emergency packet transmission. In e-health service, information of the emergency patient has to be transferred immediately to remote hospitals or doctors by using efficient packet routing approach in Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). In WBAN, to improve the packet transmission, the optimal packet routing policy developed based on packets priority with the support of a greedy algorithm for SDN. The SDN Controller selects the forwarding node based on node propagation delay and available bandwidth between two forwarding nodes. The mesh network topology network created for implementation, implementation results are compared with existing research works. Finally, this algorithm implemented in our institution, Software defined communication testbed laboratory (SDCTestbed Lab) with the support of 13 Zodiac-Fx (Forwarding device), 2 Raspberry-Pi3 B+ Model (host) and Arduino kit (sensor node)

Evolving SDN for Low-Power IoT Networks

Software Defined Networking (SDN) offers a flexible and scalable architecture that abstracts decision making away from individual devices and provides a programmable network platform. However, implementing a centralized SDN architecture within the constraints of a low-power wireless network faces considerable challenges. Not only is controller traffic subject to jitter due to unreliable links and network contention, but the overhead generated by SDN can severely affect the performance of other traffic. This paper addresses the challenge of bringing high-overhead SDN architecture to IEEE 802.15.4 networks. We explore how traditional SDN needs to evolve in order to overcome the constraints of low-power wireless networks, and discuss protocol and architectural optimizations necessary to reduce SDN control overhead - the main barrier to successful implementation. We argue that interoperability with the existing protocol stack is necessary to provide a platform for controller discovery and coexistence with legacy networks. We consequently introduce {\mu}SDN, a lightweight SDN framework for Contiki, with both IPv6 and underlying routing protocol interoperability, as well as optimizing a number of elements within the SDN architecture to reduce control overhead to practical levels. We evaluate {\mu}SDN in terms of latency, energy, and packet delivery. Through this evaluation we show how the cost of SDN control overhead (both bootstrapping and management) can be reduced to a point where comparable performance and scalability is achieved against an IEEE 802.15.4-2012 RPL-based network. Additionally, we demonstrate {\mu}SDN through simulation: providing a use-case where the SDN configurability can be used to provide Quality of Service (QoS) for critical network flows experiencing interference, and we achieve considerable reductions in delay and jitter in comparison to a scenario without SDN

Dynamic Metric OSPF-Based Routing Protocol for Software Defined Networks

[EN] Routing protocols are needed in networking to find the optimal path to reach the destination. However, networks are changing both their use finality and their technology. Paradigms like Software Defined Networks (SDNs) introduce the possibility and the necessity to improve the routing protocols. In this paper, a modification of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol is proposed in order to allow the protocol to change the metric calculation dynamically according to the network requirements. Experiments, which compare our proposal against the OSPF protocol, are performed in five different scenarios. In these scenarios, the performance of the multimedia traffic has been increased 33% in terms of bandwidth utilization, 80% of loss rate reduction and delay reduction on VoIP communications.This work has been partially supported by the "Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte", through the "Ayudas para contratos predoctorales de Formacion del Profesorado Universitario FPU (Convocatoria 2015)". Grant No. FPU15/06837, by the "Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad", through the "Convocatoria 2014. Proyectos I+D - Programa Estatal de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia" in the "Subprograma Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento", project TIN2014-57991-C3-1-P, through the "Convocatoria 2016 - Proyectos I+D+I - Programa Estatal De Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion Orientada a los retos de la sociedad" (Project TEC2016-76795-C6-4-R) and through the "Convocatoria 2017 - Proyectos I+D+I - Programa Estatal de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion, convocatoria excelencia" (Project TIN2017-84802-C2-1-P).Rego Mañez, A.; Sendra, S.; Jimenez, JM.; Lloret, J. (2019). Dynamic Metric OSPF-Based Routing Protocol for Software Defined Networks. Cluster Computing. 22(3):705-720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-018-2875-7S705720223Coltun, R., Ferguson, D., Moy, J.: OSPF for IPv6, RFC 5340. https://doi.org/10.17487/rfc5340 , July 2008. https://rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5340.txtSoftware-Defined Networking (SDN) Definition. https://www.opennetworking.org/sdn-definition/ . Accessed 15 Dec 2017Jimenez, J.M., Romero, O., Rego, A., Dilendra, A., Lloret, J.: Study of multimedia delivery over software defined networks. Netw. Protoc. Algorithms 7(4), 37–62 (2015). https://doi.org/10.5296/npa.v7i4.8794Egea, S., Rego, A., Carro, B., Sanchez-Esguevillas, A., Lloret, J.: Intelligent IoT traffic classification using novel search strategy for fast based-correlation feature selection in industrial environments. IEEE Internet Things J. 5(3), 1616–1624 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2017.2787959Rego, A., Sendra, S., Jimenez, J.M., Lloret J.: OSPF routing protocol performance in software defined networks. In: Fourth International Conference on Software Defined Systems (SDS 2017), 8–11 May 2017, Valencia, Spain, https://doi.org/10.1109/SDS.2017.7939153Sendra, S., Fernández, P.A., Quilez, M.A., Lloret, J.: Study and performance of interior gateway IP routing protocols. Netw. Protoc. Algorithms 2(4), 88–117 (2010). https://doi.org/10.5296/npa.v2i4.547Rakheja, P., Kaour, P., Gupta, A., Sharma, A.: Performance analysis of RIP, OSPF, IGRP and EIGRP routing protocols in a network. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 48(18), 6–11 (2012). https://doi.org/10.5120/7446-0401Sendra, S., Rego, A., Lloret, J., Jimenez, J.M., Romero, O.: Including artificial intelligence in a routing protocol using software defined networks. In: IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops 2017), 21–25 May 2017, Paris, France. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCW.2017.7962735Barbancho, J., León, C., Molina, J., Barbancho, A., SIR: a new wireless sensor network routing protocol based on artificial intelligence. In: Advanced Web and Network Technologies, and Applications. APWeb 2006. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), vol. 3842, pp. 271–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/11610496_35Barbancho, J., León, C., Molina, F.J., Barbancho, A.: Using artificial intelligence in wireless sensor routing protocols. In: Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems. (KES 2006). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4251, pp. 475–482. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/11892960_58Arabshahi, P., Gary, A., Kassabalidis, I., Das, A., Narayanan, S., Sharkawi, M.E., Marks, R.J.: Adaptive routing in wireless communication networks using swarm intelligence. In: AIAA 19th Annual Satellite Communications System Conference, Toulouse, France, April 17, 2001Gunes, M., Sorges, U., Bouazizi I.: ARA-the ant-colony based routing algorithm for MANETs. In: International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 21–21 Aug 2002. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPPW.2002.1039715Ducatelle, F., Di Caro, G.A., Gambardella, L.M.: Principles and applications of swarm intelligence for adaptive routing in telecommunications networks. Swarm Intell. 4(3), 173–198 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11721-010-0040-xRajagopalan, S., Shen, C.: ANSI: a swarm intelligence-based unicast routing protocol for hybrid ad hoc networks. J. Syst. Archit. 52(8–9), 485–504 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sysarc.2006.02.006RFC 3561 Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing, July 2003. https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3561 . Accessed 08 may 2018Zungeru, A.M., Ang, L., Seng, K.P.: Classical and swarm intelligence based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks: a survey and comparison. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 35(5), 1508–1536 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2012.03.004Karaboga, D., Okdem, S., Ozturk, C.: Cluster based wireless sensor network routing using artificial bee colony algorithm. Wirel. Netw. 18(7), 847–860 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-012-0438-zGinsberg, L., Litkowski, S., Previdi, S.: IS-IS route preference for extended IP and IPv6 reachability, RFC 7775. https://doi.org/10.17487/rfc7775 , February 2016. https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7775.txtRekhter, Y., Li, T., Hares, S.: A border gateway protocol 4 (BGP-4), RFC 4271. https://doi.org/10.17487/rfc4271 . Jan 2006. https://rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4271.txtCaria, M., Das, T., Jukan, A.: Divide and conquer: partitioning OSPF networks with SDN. In: IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM 2015), 11–15 May, Ottawa (ON), Canada, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/INM.2015.7140324Rothenberg, C.E., Nascimento, M.R., Salvador, M.R., Corrêa, C.N.A., Cunha de Lucena, S., Raszuk, R.: Revisiting routing control platforms with the eyes and muscles of software-defined networking. In: HotSDN ‘12 Proceedings of the first workshop on Hot topics in software defined networks, August 13–17 (2012), Helsinki (Finland), pp. 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1145/2342441.2342445Zhu, M., Cao, J., Pang, D., He, Z., Xu, M.: SDN-based routing for efficient message propagation in VANET, In: Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications (WASA 2015), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 9204, pp. 788–797. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21837-3_77Ye, T., Hema, T.K., Kalyanaraman, S., Vastola, K.S, Yadav S.: Minimizing packet loss by optimizing OSPF weights using online simulation. Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Computer Telecommunications Systems, 2003. MASCOTS 2003. In: 11th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on, Orlando, FL, USA, 27 Oct 2003. https://doi.org/10.1109/MASCOT.2003.1240645O’Halloran, C.: Dynamic adaptation of OSPF interface metrics based on network load. In: 26th Irish Signals and Systems Conference (ISSC), Ireland, Jun 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSC.2015.7163767Şimşek, M., Doğan, N., Akcayol, M.A.: A new packet scheduling algorithm for real-time multimedia streaming. Netw. Protoc. Algorithms 9(1–2), 28–47 (2017). https://doi.org/10.5296/npa.v9i1-2.12410Sanchez-Iborra, R., Cano, M.D., Garcia-Haro, J.: Revisiting VoIP QoE assessment methods: are they suitable for VoLTE? Netw. Protoc. Algorithms 8(2), 39–57 (2016). https://doi.org/10.5296/npa.v8i2.912

Resilient networking in wireless sensor networks

This report deals with security in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), especially in network layer. Multiple secure routing protocols have been proposed in the literature. However, they often use the cryptography to secure routing functionalities. The cryptography alone is not enough to defend against multiple attacks due to the node compromise. Therefore, we need more algorithmic solutions. In this report, we focus on the behavior of routing protocols to determine which properties make them more resilient to attacks. Our aim is to find some answers to the following questions. Are there any existing protocols, not designed initially for security, but which already contain some inherently resilient properties against attacks under which some portion of the network nodes is compromised? If yes, which specific behaviors are making these protocols more resilient? We propose in this report an overview of security strategies for WSNs in general, including existing attacks and defensive measures. In this report we focus at the network layer in particular, and an analysis of the behavior of four particular routing protocols is provided to determine their inherent resiliency to insider attacks. The protocols considered are: Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Gradient-Based Routing (GBR), Greedy Forwarding (GF) and Random Walk Routing (RWR)

Engine performance characteristics and evaluation of variation in the length of intake plenum

In the engine with multipoint fuel injection system using electronically controlled fuel injectors has an intake manifold in which only the air flows and, the fuel is injected into the intake valve. Since the intake manifolds transport mainly air, the supercharging effects of the variable length intake plenum will be different from carbureted engine. Engine tests have been carried out with the aim of constituting a base study to design a new variable length intake manifold plenum. The objective in this research is to study the engine performance characteristics and to evaluate the effects of the variation in the length of intake plenum. The engine test bed used for experimental work consists of a control panel, a hydraulic dynamometer and measurement instruments to measure the parameters of engine performance characteristics. The control panel is being used to perform administrative and management operating system. Besides that, the hydraulic dynamometer was used to measure the power of an engine by using a cell filled with liquid to increase its load. Thus, measurement instrument is provided in this test to measure the as brake torque, brake power, thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption. The results showed that the variation in the plenum length causes an improvement on the engine performance characteristics especially on the fuel consumption at high load and low engine speeds which are put forward the system using for urban roads. From this experiment, it will show the behavior of engine performance