34 research outputs found

    Advanced constellation and demapper schemes for next generation digital terrestrial television broadcasting systems

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    206 p.Esta tesis presenta un nuevo tipo de constelaciones llamadas no uniformes. Estos esquemas presentan una eficacia de hasta 1,8 dB superior a las utilizadas en los 煤ltimos sistemas de comunicaciones de televisi贸n digital terrestre y son extrapolables a cualquier otro sistema de comunicaciones (sat茅lite, m贸vil, cable驴). Adem谩s, este trabajo contribuye al dise帽o de constelaciones con una nueva metodolog铆a que reduce el tiempo de optimizaci贸n de d铆as/horas (metodolog铆as actuales) a horas/minutos con la misma eficiencia. Todas las constelaciones dise帽adas se testean bajo una plataforma creada en esta tesis que simula el est谩ndar de radiodifusi贸n terrestre m谩s avanzado hasta la fecha (ATSC 3.0) bajo condiciones reales de funcionamiento.Por otro lado, para disminuir la latencia de decodificaci贸n de estas constelaciones esta tesis propone dos t茅cnicas de detecci贸n/demapeo. Una es para constelaciones no uniformes de dos dimensiones la cual disminuye hasta en un 99,7% la complejidad del demapeo sin empeorar el funcionamiento del sistema. La segunda t茅cnica de detecci贸n se centra en las constelaciones no uniformes de una dimensi贸n y presenta hasta un 87,5% de reducci贸n de la complejidad del receptor sin p茅rdidas en el rendimiento.Por 煤ltimo, este trabajo expone un completo estado del arte sobre tipos de constelaciones, modelos de sistema, y dise帽o/demapeo de constelaciones. Este estudio es el primero realizado en este campo

    On the Convergence Speed of Turbo Demodulation with Turbo Decoding

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    Iterative processing is widely adopted nowadays in modern wireless receivers for advanced channel codes like turbo and LDPC codes. Extension of this principle with an additional iterative feedback loop to the demapping function has proven to provide substantial error performance gain. However, the adoption of iterative demodulation with turbo decoding is constrained by the additional implied implementation complexity, heavily impacting latency and power consumption. In this paper, we analyze the convergence speed of these combined two iterative processes in order to determine the exact required number of iterations at each level. Extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) charts are used for a thorough analysis at different modulation orders and code rates. An original iteration scheduling is proposed reducing two demapping iterations with reasonable performance loss of less than 0.15 dB. Analyzing and normalizing the computational and memory access complexity, which directly impact latency and power consumption, demonstrates the considerable gains of the proposed scheduling and the promising contributions of the proposed analysis.Comment: Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing on April 27, 201

    Transmit and Receive Signal Processing for MIMO Terrestrial Broadcast Systems

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    [EN] Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology in Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) networks has the potential to increase the spectral efficiency and improve network coverage to cope with the competition of limited spectrum use (e.g., assignment of digital dividend and spectrum demands of mobile broadband), the appearance of new high data rate services (e.g., ultra-high definition TV - UHDTV), and the ubiquity of the content (e.g., fixed, portable, and mobile). It is widely recognised that MIMO can provide multiple benefits such as additional receive power due to array gain, higher resilience against signal outages due to spatial diversity, and higher data rates due to the spatial multiplexing gain of the MIMO channel. These benefits can be achieved without additional transmit power nor additional bandwidth, but normally come at the expense of a higher system complexity at the transmitter and receiver ends. The final system performance gains due to the use of MIMO directly depend on physical characteristics of the propagation environment such as spatial correlation, antenna orientation, and/or power imbalances experienced at the transmit aerials. Additionally, due to complexity constraints and finite-precision arithmetic at the receivers, it is crucial for the overall system performance to carefully design specific signal processing algorithms. This dissertation focuses on transmit and received signal processing for DTT systems using MIMO-BICM (Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation) without feedback channel to the transmitter from the receiver terminals. At the transmitter side, this thesis presents investigations on MIMO precoding in DTT systems to overcome system degradations due to different channel conditions. At the receiver side, the focus is given on design and evaluation of practical MIMO-BICM receivers based on quantized information and its impact in both the in-chip memory size and system performance. These investigations are carried within the standardization process of DVB-NGH (Digital Video Broadcasting - Next Generation Handheld) the handheld evolution of DVB-T2 (Terrestrial - Second Generation), and ATSC 3.0 (Advanced Television Systems Committee - Third Generation), which incorporate MIMO-BICM as key technology to overcome the Shannon limit of single antenna communications. Nonetheless, this dissertation employs a generic approach in the design, analysis and evaluations, hence, the results and ideas can be applied to other wireless broadcast communication systems using MIMO-BICM.[ES] La tecnolog铆a de m煤ltiples entradas y m煤ltiples salidas (MIMO) en redes de Televisi贸n Digital Terrestre (TDT) tiene el potencial de incrementar la eficiencia espectral y mejorar la cobertura de red para afrontar las demandas de uso del escaso espectro electromagn茅tico (e.g., designaci贸n del dividendo digital y la demanda de espectro por parte de las redes de comunicaciones m贸viles), la aparici贸n de nuevos contenidos de alta tasa de datos (e.g., ultra-high definition TV - UHDTV) y la ubicuidad del contenido (e.g., fijo, portable y m贸vil). Es ampliamente reconocido que MIMO puede proporcionar m煤ltiples beneficios como: potencia recibida adicional gracias a las ganancias de array, mayor robustez contra desvanecimientos de la se帽al gracias a la diversidad espacial y mayores tasas de transmisi贸n gracias a la ganancia por multiplexado del canal MIMO. Estos beneficios se pueden conseguir sin incrementar la potencia transmitida ni el ancho de banda, pero normalmente se obtienen a expensas de una mayor complejidad del sistema tanto en el transmisor como en el receptor. Las ganancias de rendimiento finales debido al uso de MIMO dependen directamente de las caracter铆sticas f铆sicas del entorno de propagaci贸n como: la correlaci贸n entre los canales espaciales, la orientaci贸n de las antenas y/o los desbalances de potencia sufridos en las antenas transmisoras. Adicionalmente, debido a restricciones en la complejidad y aritm茅tica de precisi贸n finita en los receptores, es fundamental para el rendimiento global del sistema un dise帽o cuidadoso de algoritmos espec铆ficos de procesado de se帽al. Esta tesis doctoral se centra en el procesado de se帽al, tanto en el transmisor como en el receptor, para sistemas TDT que implementan MIMO-BICM (Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation) sin canal de retorno hacia el transmisor desde los receptores. En el transmisor esta tesis presenta investigaciones en precoding MIMO en sistemas TDT para superar las degradaciones del sistema debidas a diferentes condiciones del canal. En el receptor se presta especial atenci贸n al dise帽o y evaluaci贸n de receptores pr谩cticos MIMO-BICM basados en informaci贸n cuantificada y a su impacto tanto en la memoria del chip como en el rendimiento del sistema. Estas investigaciones se llevan a cabo en el contexto de estandarizaci贸n de DVB-NGH (Digital Video Broadcasting - Next Generation Handheld), la evoluci贸n port谩til de DVB-T2 (Second Generation Terrestrial), y ATSC 3.0 (Advanced Television Systems Commitee - Third Generation) que incorporan MIMO-BICM como clave tecnol贸gica para superar el l铆mite de Shannon para comunicaciones con una 煤nica antena. No obstante, esta tesis doctoral emplea un m茅todo gen茅rico tanto para el dise帽o, an谩lisis y evaluaci贸n, por lo que los resultados e ideas pueden ser aplicados a otros sistemas de comunicaci贸n inal谩mbricos que empleen MIMO-BICM.[CA] La tecnologia de m煤ltiples entrades i m煤ltiples eixides (MIMO) en xarxes de Televisi贸 Digital Terrestre (TDT) t茅 el potencial d'incrementar l'efici猫ncia espectral i millorar la cobertura de xarxa per a afrontar les demandes d'煤s de l'esc脿s espectre electromagn猫tic (e.g., designaci贸 del dividend digital i la demanda d'espectre per part de les xarxes de comunicacions m貌bils), l'aparici贸 de nous continguts d'alta taxa de dades (e.g., ultra-high deffinition TV - UHDTV) i la ubiq眉itat del contingut (e.g., fix, port脿til i m貌bil). 脡s 脿mpliament reconegut que MIMO pot proporcionar m煤ltiples beneficis com: pot猫ncia rebuda addicional gr脿cies als guanys de array, major robustesa contra esva茂ments del senyal gr脿cies a la diversitat espacial i majors taxes de transmissi贸 gr脿cies al guany per multiplexat del canal MIMO. Aquests beneficis es poden aconseguir sense incrementar la pot猫ncia transmesa ni l'ample de banda, per貌 normalment s'obtenen a costa d'una major complexitat del sistema tant en el transmissor com en el receptor. Els guanys de rendiment finals a causa de l'煤s de MIMO depenen directament de les caracter铆stiques f铆siques de l'entorn de propagaci贸 com: la correlaci贸 entre els canals espacials, l'orientaci贸 de les antenes, i/o els desequilibris de pot猫ncia patits en les antenes transmissores. Addicionalment, a causa de restriccions en la complexitat i aritm猫tica de precisi贸 finita en els receptors, 茅s fonamental per al rendiment global del sistema un disseny acurat d'algorismes espec铆fics de processament de senyal. Aquesta tesi doctoral se centra en el processament de senyal tant en el transmissor com en el receptor per a sistemes TDT que implementen MIMO-BICM (Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation) sense canal de tornada cap al transmissor des dels receptors. En el transmissor aquesta tesi presenta recerques en precoding MIMO en sistemes TDT per a superar les degradacions del sistema degudes a diferents condicions del canal. En el receptor es presta especial atenci贸 al disseny i avaluaci贸 de receptors pr脿ctics MIMO-BICM basats en informaci贸 quantificada i al seu impacte tant en la mem貌ria del xip com en el rendiment del sistema. Aquestes recerques es duen a terme en el context d'estandarditzaci贸 de DVB-NGH (Digital Video Broadcasting - Next Generation Handheld), l'evoluci贸 port脿til de DVB-T2 (Second Generation Terrestrial), i ATSC 3.0 (Advanced Television Systems Commitee - Third Generation) que incorporen MIMO-BICM com a clau tecnol貌gica per a superar el l铆mit de Shannon per a comunicacions amb una 煤nica antena. No obstant a莽貌, aquesta tesi doctoral empra un m猫tode gen猫ric tant per al disseny, an脿lisi i avaluaci贸, per la qual cosa els resultats i idees poden ser aplicats a altres sistemes de comunicaci贸 sense fils que empren MIMO-BICM.Vargas Paredero, DE. (2016). Transmit and Receive Signal Processing for MIMO Terrestrial Broadcast Systems [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Polit猫cnica de Val猫ncia. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/66081TESISPremiad

    Architecture and algorithms for the implementation of digital wireless receivers in FPGA and ASIC: ISDB-T and DVB-S2 cases

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    [EN] The first generation of Terrestrial Digital Television(DTV) has been in service for over a decade. In 2013, several countries have already completed the transition from Analog to Digital TV Broadcasting, most of which in Europe. In South America, after several studies and trials, Brazil adopted the Japanese standard with some innovations. Japan and Brazil started Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting (DTTB) services in December 2003 and December 2007 respectively, using Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting - Terrestrial (ISDB-T), also known as ARIB STD-B31. In June 2005 the Committee for the Information Technology Area (CATI) of Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology and Innovation MCTI approved the incorporation of the IC-Brazil Program, in the National Program for Microelectronics (PNM) . The main goals of IC-Brazil are the formal qualification of IC designers, support to the creation of semiconductors companies focused on projects of ICs within Brazil, and the attraction of semiconductors companies focused on the design and development of ICs in Brazil. The work presented in this thesis originated from the unique momentum created by the combination of the birth of Digital Television in Brazil and the creation of the IC-Brazil Program by the Brazilian government. Without this combination it would not have been possible to make these kind of projects in Brazil. These projects have been a long and costly journey, albeit scientifically and technologically worthy, towards a Brazilian DTV state-of-the-art low complexity Integrated Circuit, with good economy scale perspectives, due to the fact that at the beginning of this project ISDB-T standard was not adopted by several countries like DVB-T. During the development of the ISDB-T receiver proposed in this thesis, it was realized that due to the continental dimensions of Brazil, the DTTB would not be enough to cover the entire country with open DTV signal, specially for the case of remote localizations far from the high urban density regions. Then, Eldorado Research Institute and Idea! Electronic Systems, foresaw that, in a near future, there would be an open distribution system for high definition DTV over satellite, in Brazil. Based on that, it was decided by Eldorado Research Institute, that would be necessary to create a new ASIC for broadcast satellite reception. At that time DVB-S2 standard was the strongest candidate for that, and this assumption still stands nowadays. Therefore, it was decided to apply to a new round of resources funding from the MCTI - that was granted - in order to start the new project. This thesis discusses in details the Architecture and Algorithms proposed for the implementation of a low complexity Intermediate Frequency(IF) ISDB-T Receiver on Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) CMOS. The Architecture proposed here is highly based on the COordinate Rotation Digital Computer (CORDIC) Algorithm, that is a simple and efficient algorithm suitable for VLSI implementations. The receiver copes with the impairments inherent to wireless channels transmission and the receiver crystals. The thesis also discusses the Methodology adopted and presents the implementation results. The receiver performance is presented and compared to those obtained by means of simulations. Furthermore, the thesis also presents the Architecture and Algorithms for a DVB-S2 receiver targeting its ASIC implementation. However, unlike the ISDB-T receiver, only preliminary ASIC implementation results are introduced. This was mainly done in order to have an early estimation of die area to prove that the project in ASIC is economically viable, as well as to verify possible bugs in early stage. As in the case of ISDB-T receiver, this receiver is highly based on CORDIC algorithm and it was prototyped in FPGA. The Methodology used for the second receiver is derived from that used for the ISDB-T receiver, with minor additions given the project characteristics.[ES] La primera generaci贸n de Televisi贸n Digital Terrestre(DTV) ha estado en servicio por m谩s de una d茅cada. En 2013, varios pa铆ses completaron la transici贸n de transmisi贸n anal贸gica a televisi贸n digital, la mayor铆a de ellas en Europa. En Am茅rica del Sur, despu茅s de varios estudios y ensayos, Brasil adopt贸 el est谩ndar japon茅s con algunas innovaciones. Jap贸n y Brasil comenzaron a prestar el servicio de Difusi贸n de Televisi贸n Digital Terrestre (DTTB) en diciembre de 2003 y diciembre de 2007 respectivamente, utilizando Radiodifusi贸n Digital de Servicios Integrados Terrestres (ISDB-T), tambi茅n conocida como ARIB STD-B31. En junio de 2005, el Comit茅 del 脕rea de Tecnolog铆a de la Informaci贸n (CATI) del Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog铆a e Innovaci贸n de Brasil - MCTI aprob贸 la incorporaci贸n del Programa CI-Brasil, en el Programa Nacional de Microelectr贸nica (PNM). Los principales objetivos de la CI-Brasil son la formaci贸n de dise帽adores de CIs, apoyar la creaci贸n de empresas de semiconductores enfocadas en proyectos de circuitos integrados dentro de Brasil, y la atracci贸n de empresas de semiconductores interesadas en el dise帽o y desarrollo de circuitos integrados. El trabajo presentado en esta tesis se origin贸 en el impulso 煤nico creado por la combinaci贸n del nacimiento de la televisi贸n digital en Brasil y la creaci贸n del Programa de CI-Brasil por el gobierno brasile帽o. Sin esta combinaci贸n no hubiera sido posible realizar este tipo de proyectos en Brasil. Estos proyectos han sido un trayecto largo y costoso, aunque meritorio desde el punto de vista cient铆fico y tecnol贸gico, hacia un Circuito Integrado brasile帽o de punta y de baja complejidad para DTV, con buenas perspectivas de econom铆a de escala debido al hecho que al inicio de este proyecto, el est谩ndar ISDB-T no fue adoptado por varios pa铆ses como DVB-T. Durante el desarrollo del receptor ISDB-T propuesto en esta tesis, se observ贸 que debido a las dimensiones continentales de Brasil, la DTTB no ser铆a suficiente para cubrir todo el pa铆s con la se帽al de televisi贸n digital abierta, especialmente para el caso de localizaciones remotas, apartadas de las regiones de alta densidad urbana. En ese momento, el Instituto de Investigaci贸n Eldorado e Idea! Sistemas Electr贸nicos, previeron que en un futuro cercano habr铆a un sistema de distribuci贸n abierto para DTV de alta definici贸n por sat茅lite en Brasil. Con base en eso, el Instituto de Investigaci贸n Eldorado decidi贸 que ser铆a necesario crear un nuevo ASIC para la recepci贸n de radiodifusi贸n por sat茅lite, basada el est谩ndar DVB-S2. En esta tesis se analiza en detalle la Arquitectura y algoritmos propuestos para la implementaci贸n de un receptor ISDB-T de baja complejidad y frecuencia intermedia (IF) en un Circuito Integrado de Aplicaci贸n Espec铆fica (ASIC) CMOS. La arquitectura aqu铆 propuesta se basa fuertemente en el algoritmo Computadora Digital para Rotaci贸n de Coordenadas (CORDIC), el cual es un algoritmo simple, eficiente y adecuado para implementaciones VLSI. El receptor hace frente a las deficiencias inherentes a las transmisiones por canales inal谩mbricos y los cristales del receptor. La tesis tambi茅n analiza la metodolog铆a adoptada y presenta los resultados de la implementaci贸n. Por otro lado, la tesis tambi茅n presenta la arquitectura y los algoritmos para un receptor DVB-S2 dirigido a la implementaci贸n en ASIC. Sin embargo, a diferencia del receptor ISDB-T, se introducen s贸lo los resultados preliminares de implementaci贸n en ASIC. Esto se hizo principalmente con el fin de tener una estimaci贸n temprana del 谩rea del die para demostrar que el proyecto en ASIC es econ贸micamente viable, as铆 como para verificar posibles errores en etapa temprana. Como en el caso de receptor ISDB-T, este receptor se basa fuertemente en el algoritmo CORDIC y fue un prototipado en FPGA. La metodolog铆a utilizada para el segundo receptor se deriva de la utilizada para el re[CA] La primera generaci贸 de Televisi贸 Digital Terrestre (TDT) ha estat en servici durant m茅s d'una d猫cada. En 2013, diversos pa茂sos ja van completar la transici贸 de la radiodifusi贸 de televisi贸 anal貌gica a la digital, i la majoria van ser a Europa. A Am猫rica del Sud, despr茅s de diversos estudis i assajos, Brasil va adoptar l'est脿ndard japon茅s amb algunes innovacions. Jap贸 i Brasil van comen莽ar els servicis de Radiodifusi贸 de Televisi贸 Terrestre Digital (DTTB) al desembre de 2003 i al desembre de 2007, respectivament, utilitzant la Radiodifusi贸 Digital amb Servicis Integrats de (ISDB-T), coneguda com a ARIB STD-B31. Al juny de 2005, el Comit茅 de l'脌rea de Tecnologia de la Informaci贸 (CATI) del Ministeri de Ci猫ncia i Tecnologia i Innovaci贸 del Brasil (MCTI) va aprovar la incorporaci贸 del programa CI Brasil al Programa Nacional de Microelectr貌nica (PNM). Els principals objectius de CI Brasil s贸n la qualificaci贸 formal dels dissenyadors de circuits integrats, el suport a la creaci贸 d'empreses de semiconductors centrades en projectes de circuits integrats dins del Brasil i l'atracci贸 d'empreses de semiconductors centrades en el disseny i desenvolupament de circuits integrats. El treball presentat en esta tesi es va originar en l'impuls 煤nic creat per la combinaci贸 del naixement de la televisi贸 digital al Brasil i la creaci贸 del programa Brasil CI pel govern brasiler. Sense esta combinaci贸 no hauria estat possible realitzar este tipus de projectes a Brasil. Estos projectes han suposat un viatge llarg i cost贸s, tot i que digne cient铆ficament i tecnol貌gica, cap a un circuit integrat punter de baixa complexitat per a la TDT brasilera, amb bones perspectives d'economia d'escala perqu猫 a l'inici d'este projecte l'est脿ndard ISDB-T no va ser adoptat per diversos pa茂sos, com el DVB-T. Durant el desenvolupament del receptor de ISDB-T proposat en esta tesi, va resultar que, a causa de les dimensions continentals de Brasil, la DTTB no seria suficient per cobrir tot el pa铆s amb el senyal de TDT oberta, especialment pel que fa a les localitzacions remotes allunyades de les regions d'alta densitat urbana.. En este moment, l'Institut de Recerca Eldorado i Idea! Sistemes Electr貌nics van preveure que, en un futur pr貌xim, no hi hauria a Brasil un sistema de distribuci贸 oberta de TDT d'alta definici贸 a trav茅s de sat猫l驴lit. D'acord amb aix貌, l'Institut de Recerca Eldorado va decidir que seria necessari crear un nou ASIC per a la recepci贸 de radiodifusi贸 per sat猫l驴lit. basat en l'est脿ndard DVB-S2. En esta tesi s'analitza en detall l'arquitectura i els algorismes proposats per l'execuci贸 d'un receptor ISDB-T de Freq眉猫ncia Interm猫dia (FI) de baixa complexitat sobre CMOS de Circuit Integrat d'Aplicacions Espec铆fiques (ASIC). L'arquitectura ac铆 proposada es basa molt en l'algorisme de l'Ordinador Digital de Rotaci贸 de Coordenades (CORDIC), que 茅s un algorisme simple i eficient adequat per implementacions VLSI. El receptor fa front a les defici猫ncies inherents a la transmissi贸 de canals sense fil i els cristalls del receptor. Esta tesi tamb茅 analitza la metodologia adoptada i presenta els resultats de l'execuci贸. Es presenta el rendiment del receptor i es compara amb els obtinguts per mitj脿 de simulacions. D'altra banda, esta tesi tamb茅 presenta l'arquitectura i els algorismes d'un receptor de DVB-S2 de cara a la seua implementaci贸 en ASIC. No obstant aix貌, a difer猫ncia del receptor ISDB-T, nom茅s s'introdueixen resultats preliminars d'implementaci贸 en ASIC. Aix貌 es va fer principalment amb la finalitat de tenir una estimaci贸 primerenca de la zona de dau per demostrar que el projecte en ASIC 茅s econ貌micament viable, aix铆 com per verificar possibles errors en l'etapa primerenca. Com en el cas del receptor ISDB-T, este receptor es basa molt en l'algorisme CORDIC i va ser un prototip de FPGA. La metodologia utilitzada per al segon receptor es deriva de la utilitzada per al receptor IRodrigues De Lima, E. (2016). Architecture and algorithms for the implementation of digital wireless receivers in FPGA and ASIC: ISDB-T and DVB-S2 cases [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Polit猫cnica de Val猫ncia. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61967TESI

    Advanced Layered Divsion Multiplexing Technologies for Next-Gen Broadcast

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    Tesis por compendioDesde comienzos del siglo XXI, los sistemas de radiodifusi贸n terrestre han sido culpados de un uso ineficiente del espectro asignado. Para aumentar la eficiencia espectral, los organismos de estandarizaci贸n de TV digital comenzaron a desarrollar la evoluci贸n t茅cnica de los sistemas de TDT de primera generaci贸n. Entre otros, uno de los objetivos principales de los sistemas de TDT de pr贸xima generaci贸n (DVB-T2 y ATSC 3.0) es proporcionar simult谩neamente servicios de TV a dispositivos m贸viles y fijos. El principal inconveniente de esta entrega simult谩nea son los diferentes requisitos de cada condici贸n de recepci贸n. Para abordar estas limitaciones, se han considerado diferentes t茅cnicas de multiplexaci贸n. Mientras que DVB-T2 acomete la entrega simult谩nea de los dos servicios mediante TDM, ATSC 3.0 adopt贸 la Multiplexaci贸n por Divisi贸n en Capas (LDM). LDM puede superar a TDM y a FDM al aprovechar la relaci贸n de Protecci贸n de Error Desigual (UEP), ya que ambos servicios, llamados capas, utilizan todos los recursos de frecuencia y tiempo con diferentes niveles de potencia. En el lado del receptor, se distinguen dos implementaciones, de acuerdo con la capa a decodificar. Los receptores m贸viles solo est谩n destinados a obtener la capa superior, conocida como Core Layer (CL). Para no aumentar su complejidad en comparaci贸n con los receptores de capa 煤nica, la capa inferior, conocida como Enhanced Layer (EL), es tratada como un ruido adicional en la decodificaci贸n. Los receptores fijos aumentan su complejidad, ya que deben realizar un proceso de Cancelaci贸n de Interferencia (SIC) sobre la CL para obtener la EL. Para limitar la complejidad adicional de los receptores fijos, las capas de LDM en ATSC 3.0 est谩n configuradas con diferentes capacidades de correcci贸n, pero comparten el resto de bloques de la capa f铆sica, incluido el TIL, el PP, el tama帽o de FFT, y el GI. Esta disertaci贸n investiga tecnolog铆as avanzadas para optimizar el rendimiento de LDM. Primero se propone una optimizaci贸n del proceso de demapeo para las dos capas de LDM. El algoritmo propuesto logra un aumento de capacidad, al tener en cuenta la forma de la EL en el proceso de demapeo de la CL. Sin embargo, el n煤mero de distancias Euclidianas a computar puede aumentar significativamente, conduciendo no solo a receptores fijos m谩s complejos, sino tambi茅n a receptores m贸viles m谩s complejos. A continuaci贸n, se determina la configuraci贸n de piloto ATSC 3.0 m谩s adecuada para LDM. Teniendo en cuenta que las dos capas comparten el mismo PP, surge una contrapartida entre la densidad de pilotos (CL) y la redundancia sobre los datos (EL). A partir de los resultados de rendimiento, se recomienda el uso de un PP no muy denso, ya que ya han sido dise帽ados para hacer frente a ecos largos y altas velocidades. La amplitud piloto 贸ptima depende del estimador de canal en los receptores (ej., se recomienda la amplitud m铆nima para una implementaci贸n Wiener, mientras que la m谩xima para una implementaci贸n FFT). Tambi茅n se investiga la potencial transmisi贸n conjunta de LDM con tres tecnolog铆as avanzadas adoptadas en ATSC 3.0: las tecnolog铆as de agregaci贸n MultiRF, los esquemas de MISO distribuido y los de MIMO colocalizado. Se estudian los potenciales casos de uso, los aspectos de implementaci贸n del transmisor y el receptor, y las ganancias de rendimiento de las configuraciones conjuntas para las dos capas de LDM. Las restricciones adicionales de combinar LDM con las tecnolog铆as avanzadas se consideran admisibles, ya que las mayores demandas ya est谩n contempladas en ATSC 3.0 (ej., una segunda cadena de recepci贸n). Se obtienen ganancias significativas en condiciones de recepci贸n peatonal gracias a la diversidad en frecuencia proporcionada por las tecnolog铆as MultiRF. La conjunci贸n de LDM con esquemas de MISO proporciona ganancias de rendimiento significativas en redes SFN para la capa fija con el esquema de Alamouti.Since the beginning of the 21st century, terrestrial broadcasting systems have been blamed of an inefficient use of the allocated spectrum. To increase the spectral efficiency, digital television Standards Developing Organizations settled to develop the technical evolution of the first-generation DTT systems. Among others, a primary goal of next-generation DTT systems (DVB-T2 and ATSC 3.0) is to simultaneously provide TV services to mobile and fixed devices. The major drawback of this simultaneous delivery is the different requirement of each reception condition. To address these constraints different multiplexing techniques have been considered. While DVB-T2 fulfilled the simultaneous delivery of the two services by TDM, ATSC 3.0 adopted the LDM technology. LDM can outperform TDM and FDM by taking advantage of the UEP ratio, as both services, namely layers, utilize all the frequency and time resources with different power levels. At receiver side, two implementations are distinguished, according to the intended layer. Mobile receivers are only intended to obtain the upper layer, known as CL. In order not to increase their complexity compared to single layer receivers, the lower layer, known as EL is treated as an additional noise on the CL decoding. Fixed receivers, increase their complexity, as they should performed a SIC process on the CL for getting the EL. To limit the additional complexity of fixed receivers, the LDM layers in ATSC 3.0 are configured with different error correction capabilities, but share the rest of physical layer parameters, including the TIL, the PP, the FFT size, and the GI. This dissertation investigates advanced technologies to optimize the LDM performance. A demapping optimization for the two LDM layers is first proposed. A capacity increase is achieved by the proposed algorithm, which takes into account the underlying layer shape in the demapping process. Nevertheless, the number of Euclidean distances to be computed can be significantly increased, contributing to not only more complex fixed receivers, but also more complex mobile receivers. Next, the most suitable ATSC 3.0 pilot configuration for LDM is determined. Considering the two layers share the same PP a trade-off between pilot density (CL) and data overhead (EL) arises. From the performance results, it is recommended the use of a not very dense PP, as they have been already designed to cope with long echoes and high speeds. The optimum pilot amplitude depends on the channel estimator at receivers (e.g. the minimum amplitude is recommended for a Wiener implementation, while the maximum for a FFT implementation). The potential combination of LDM with three advanced technologies that have been adopted in ATSC 3.0 is also investigated: MultiRF technologies, distributed MISO schemes, and co-located MIMO schemes. The potential use cases, the transmitter and receiver implementations, and the performance gains of the joint configurations are studied for the two LDM layers. The additional constraints of combining LDM with the advanced technologies is considered admissible, as the greatest demands (e.g. a second receiving chain) are already contemplated in ATSC 3.0. Significant gains are found for the mobile layer at pedestrian reception conditions thanks to the frequency diversity provided by MultiRF technologies. The conjunction of LDM with distributed MISO schemes provides significant performance gains on SFNs for the fixed layer with Alamouti scheme. Last, considering the complexity in the mobile receivers and the CL performance, the recommended joint configuration is MISO in the CL and MIMO in the EL.Des de comen莽aments del segle XXI, els sistemes de radiodifusi贸 terrestre han sigut culpats d'un 煤s ineficient de l'espectre assignat. Per a augmentar l'efici猫ncia espectral, els organismes d'estandarditzaci贸 de TV digital van comen莽ar a desenvolupar l'evoluci贸 t猫cnica dels sistemes de TDT de primera generaci贸. Entre altres, un dels objectius principals dels sistemes de TDT de pr貌xima generaci贸 (DVB-T2 i el ATSC 3.0) 茅s proporcionar simult脿niament serveis de TV a dispositius m貌bils i fixos. El principal inconvenient d'aquest lliurament simultani s贸n els diferents requisits de cada condici贸 de recepci贸. Per a abordar aquestes limitacions, s'han considerat diferents t猫cniques de multiplexaci贸. Mentre que DVB-T2 escomet el lliurament simultani dels dos serveis mitjan莽ant TDM, ATSC 3.0 va adoptar la Multiplexaci贸 per Divisi贸 en Capes (LDM). LDM pot superar a TDM i a FDM en aprofitar la relaci贸 de Protecci贸 d'Error Desigual (UEP), ja que tots dos serveis, cridats capes, utilitzen tots els recursos de freq眉猫ncia i temps amb diferents nivells de pot猫ncia. En el costat del receptor, es distingeixen dues implementacions, d'acord amb la capa a decodificar. Els receptors m貌bils solament estan destinats a obtenir la capa superior, coneguda com Core Layer (CL). Per a no augmentar la seua complexitat en comparaci贸 amb els receptors de capa 煤nica, la capa inferior, coneguda com Enhanced Layer (EL), 茅s tractada com un soroll addicional en la decodificaci贸. Els receptors fixos augmenten la seua complexitat, ja que han de realitzar un proc茅s de Cancel路laci贸 d'Interfer猫ncia (SIC) sobre la CL per a obtenir l'EL. Per a limitar la complexitat addicional dels receptors fixos, les capes de LDM en ATSC 3.0 estan configurades amb diferents capacitats de correcci贸, per貌 comparteixen la resta de blocs de la capa f铆sica, incl貌s el TIL, el PP, la grand脿ria de FFT i el GI. Aquesta dissertaci贸 investiga tecnologies avan莽ades per a optimitzar el rendiment de LDM. Primer es proposa una optimitzaci贸 del proc茅s de demapeo per a les dues capes de LDM. L'algoritme proposat aconsegueix un augment de capacitat, en tenir en compte la forma de l'EL en el proc茅s de demapeo de la CL. No obstant a莽貌, el nombre de dist脿ncies Euclidianes a computar pot augmentar significativament, conduint NO sols a receptors fixos m茅s complexos, sin贸 tamb茅 a receptors m貌bils m茅s complexos. A continuaci贸, es determina la configuraci贸 de pilot ATSC 3.0 m茅s adequada per a LDM. Tenint en compte que les dues capes comparteixen el mateix PP, es produeix una contrapartida entre la densitat de pilots (CL) i la redund脿ncia sobre les dades (EL). A partir dels resultats de rendiment, es recomana l'煤s d'un PP no gaire dens, ja que ja han sigut dissenyats per a fer front a ecos llargs i altes velocitats. L'amplitud pilot 貌ptima dep猫n de l'estimador de canal en els receptors (ex., es recomana l'amplitud m铆nima per a una implementaci贸 Wiener, mentre que la m脿xima per a una implementaci贸 FFT). Tamb茅 s'investiga la potencial transmissi贸 conjunta de LDM amb tres tecnologies avan莽ades adoptades en ATSC 3.0: les tecnologies d'agregaci贸 de MultiRF, els esquemes de MISO distribu茂t i els de MIMO colocalitzat. S'estudien els potencials casos d'煤s, els principals aspectes d'implementaci贸 del transmissor i el receptor, i els guanys de rendiment de les configuracions conjuntes per a les dues capes de LDM. Les restriccions addicionals de combinar LDM amb les tecnologies avan莽ades es consideren admissibles, ja que les majors demandes ja estan contemplades en ATSC 3.0 (ex., una segona cadena de recepci贸). S'obtenen guanys significatius per a la capa m貌bil en condicions de recepci贸 per als vianants gr脿cies a la diversitat en freq眉猫ncia proporcionada per les tecnologies MultiRF. La conjunci贸 de LDM amb esquemes MISO distribu茂ts proporciona guanys de rendiment significatius en xarxes SFN per a la capa fixa amb l'esquema d'Alamouti.Garro Crevill茅n, E. (2018). Advanced Layered Divsion Multiplexing Technologies for Next-Gen Broadcast [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Polit猫cnica de Val猫ncia. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/105559TESISCompendi

    Voronoi Constellations for Coherent Fiber-Optic Communication Systems

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    The increasing demand for higher data rates is driving the adoption of high-spectral-efficiency (SE) transmission in communication systems. The well-known 1.53 dB gap between Shannon\u27s capacity and the mutual information (MI) of uniform quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) formats indicates the importance of power efficiency, particularly in high-SE transmission scenarios, such as fiber-optic communication systems and wireless backhaul links. Shaping techniques are the only way to close this gap, by adapting the uniform input distribution to the capacity-achieving distribution. The two categories of shaping are probabilistic shaping (PS) and geometric shaping (GS). Various methods have been proposed for performing PS and GS, each with distinct implementation complexity and performance characteristics. In general, the complexity of these methods grows dramatically with the SE and number of dimensions.Among different methods, multidimensional Voronoi constellations (VCs) provide a good trade-off between high shaping gains and low-complexity encoding/decoding algorithms due to their nice geometric structures. However, VCs with high shaping gains are usually very large and the huge cardinality makes system analysis and design cumbersome, which motives this thesis.In this thesis, we develop a set of methods to make VCs applicable to communication systems with a low complexity. The encoding and decoding, labeling, and coded modulation schemes of VCs are investigated. Various system performance metrics including uncoded/coded bit error rate, MI, and generalized mutual information (GMI) are studied and compared with QAM formats for both the additive white Gaussian noise channel and nonlinear fiber channels. We show that the proposed methods preserve high shaping gains of VCs, enabling significant improvements on system performance for high-SE transmission in both the additive white Gaussian noise channel and nonlinear fiber channel. In addition, we propose general algorithms for estimating the MI and GMI, and approximating the log-likelihood ratios in soft-decision forward error correction codes for very large constellations

    Real-Time Generation of Standard-Compliant DVB-T Signals

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    This paper proposes and discusses two software implementations of the DVB-T modulator, using C++ and MATLAB, respectively. All the key features of the DVB-T standard are included. The C++ DVB-T modulator, incorporated into the Iris framework developed by Trinity College of Dublin, works in real time on an Intel Core i7 2.4 GHz CPU with the Iris testbed. The MATLAB-based DVB-T modulator is coupled with a receiver implementation with channel estimation, equalization, soft-output demapping and channel decoding. The validation step demonstrates that the proposed DVB-T software implementations generate standard-compliant DVB-T signals that are correctly received by commercially available TV sets and USB dongles. The software code for the Iris-based C++ modulator, and for the MATLAB-based modulator and receiver, has been made publicly available under the GNU license

    Analysis of low-density parity-check codes on impulsive noise channels

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    PhD ThesisCommunication channels can severely degrade a signal, not only due to fading effects but also interference in the form of impulsive noise. In conventional communication systems, the additive noise at the receiver is usually assumed to be Gaussian distributed. However, this assumption is not always valid and examples of non-Gaussian distributed noise include power line channels, underwater acoustic channels and manmade interference. When designing a communication system it is useful to know the theoretical performance in terms of bit-error probability (BEP) on these types of channels. However, the effect of impulses on the BEP performance has not been well studied, particularly when error correcting codes are employed. Today, advanced error-correcting codes with very long block lengths and iterative decoding algorithms, such as Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes and turbo codes, are popular due to their capacity-approaching performance. However, very long codes are not always desirable, particularly in communications systems where latency is a serious issue, such as in voice and video communication between multiple users. This thesis focuses on the analysis of short LDPC codes. Finite length analyses of LDPC codes have already been presented for the additive white Gaussian noise channel in the literature, but the analysis of short LDPC codes for channels that exhibit impulsive noise has not been investigated. The novel contributions in this thesis are presented in three sections. First, uncoded and LDPC-coded BEP performance on channels exhibiting impulsive noise modelled by symmetric -stable (S S) distributions are examined. Different sub-optimal receivers are compared and a new low-complexity receiver is proposed that achieves near-optimal performance. Density evolution is then used to derive the threshold signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) of LDPC codes that employ these receivers. In order to accurately predict the waterfall performance of short LDPC codes, a nite length analysis is proposed with the aid of the threshold SNRs of LDPC codes and the derived uncoded BEPs for impulsive noise channels. Second, to investigate the e ect of impulsive noise on wireless channels, the analytic BEP on generalized fading channels with S S noise is derived. However, it requires the evaluation of a double integral to obtain the analytic BEP, so to reduce the computational cost, the Cauchy- Gaussian mixture model and the asymptotic property of S S process are used to derive upper bounds of the exact BEP. Two closed-form expressions are derived to approximate the exact BEP on a Rayleigh fading channel with S S noise. Then density evolution of different receivers is derived for these channels to nd the asymptotic performance of LDPC codes. Finally, the waterfall performance of LDPC codes is again estimated for generalized fading channels with S S noise by utilizing the derived uncoded BEP and threshold SNRs. Finally, the addition of spatial diversity at the receiver is investigated. Spatial diversity is an effective method to mitigate the effects of fading and when used in conjunction with LDPC codes and can achieve excellent error-correcting performance. Hence, the performance of conventional linear diversity combining techniques are derived. Then the SNRs of these linear combiners are compared and the relationship of the noise power between different linear combiners is obtained. Nonlinear detectors have been shown to achieve better performance than linear combiners hence, optimal and sub-optimal detectors are also presented and compared. A non-linear detector based on the bi-parameter Cauchy-Gaussian mixture model is used and shows near-optimal performance with a significant reduction in complexity when compared with the optimal detector. Furthermore, we show how to apply density evolution of LDPC codes for different combining techniques on these channels and an estimation of the waterfall performance of LDPC codes is derived that reduces the gap between simulated and asymptotic performance. In conclusion, the work presented in this thesis provides a framework to evaluate the performance of communication systems in the presence of additive impulsive noise, with and without spatial diversity at the receiver. For the first time, bounds on the BEP performance of LDPC codes on channels with impulsive noise have been derived for optimal and sub-optimal receivers, allowing other researchers to predict the performance of LDPC codes in these type of environments without needing to run lengthy computer simulations

    Factor Graph Based Detection Schemes for Mobile Terrestrial DVB Systems with Long OFDM Blocks

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    This PhD dissertation analyzes the performance of second generation digital video broadcasting (DVB) systems in mobile terrestrial environments and proposes an iterative detection algorithm based on factor graphs (FG) to reduce the distortion caused by the time variation of the channel, providing error-free communication in very severe mobile conditions. The research work focuses on mobile scenarios where the intercarrier interference (ICI) is very high: high vehicular speeds when long orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) blocks are used. As a starting point, we provide the theoretical background on the main topics behind the transmission and reception of terrestrial digital television signals in mobile environments, along with a general overview of the main signal processing techniques included in last generation terrestrial DVB systems. The proposed FG-based detector design is then assessed over a simpli ed bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM)-OFDM communication scheme for a wide variety of mobile environments. Extensive simulation results show the e ectiveness of the proposed belief propagation (BP) algorithm over the channels of interest in this research work. Moreover, assuming that low density parity-check (LDPC) codes are decoded by means of FG-based algorithms, a high-order FG is de ned in order to accomplish joint signal detection and decoding into the same FG framework, o ering a fully parallel structure very suitable when long OFDM blocks are employed. Finally, the proposed algorithms are analyzed over the physical layer of DVB-T2 speci cation. Two reception schemes are proposed which exploit the frequency and time-diversity inherent in time-varying channels with the aim of achieving a reasonable trade-o among performance, complexity and latency.Doktoretza tesi honek bigarren belaunaldiko telebista digitalaren eraginkortasuna aztertzen du eskenatoki mugikorrean, eta faktoreen grafoetan oinarritzen den hartzaile iteratibo bat proposatzen du denboran aldakorra den kanalak sortzen duen distortsioa leundu eta seinalea errorerik gabe hartzea ahalbidetzen duena. Proposatutako detektorea BICM-OFDM komunikazio eskema orokor baten gainean ebaluatu da lurreko broadcasting kanalaren baldintzak kontutan hartuz. Simulazio emaitzek algoritmo honen eraginkortasuna frogatzen dute Doppler frekuentzia handietan. Ikerketa lanaren bigarren zatian, faktoreen grafoetan oinarritutako detektorea eskema turbo zabalago baten baitan txertatu da LDPC dekodi katzaile batekin batera. Hartzaile diseinu honen abantaila nagusia da OFDM simbolo luzeetara ondo egokitzen dela. Azkenik, proposatutako algoritmoa DVB-T2 katearen baitan inplementatu da, bi hartzaile eskema proposatu direlarik seinaleak duen dibertsitate tenporal eta frekuentziala probesteko, beti ere eraginkortasunaren, konplexutasunaren eta latentziaren arteko konpromisoa mantenduz.Este trabajo de tesis analiza el rendimiento de la segunda generaci贸n de la televisi贸n digital terreste en escenarios m贸viles y propone un algoritmo iterativo basado en grafos de factores para la detecci贸n de la se帽al y la reducci贸n de la distorsi贸n causada por la variaci贸n temporal del canal, permitiendo as铆 recibir la se帽al libre de errores. El detector basado en grafos de factores propuesto es evaluado sobre un esquema de comunicaciones general BICM-OFDM en condiciones de transmisi贸n propios de canales de difusi贸n terrestres. Los resultados de simulaci贸n presentados muestran la e ciencia del algoritmo de detecci贸n propuesto en presencia de frecuencias Doppler muy altas. En una segunda parte del trabajo de investigaci贸n, el detector propuesto es incorporado a un esquema turbo junto con un decodi cador LDPC, dando lugar a un receptor iterativo que presenta caracter铆sticas especialmente apropiadas para su implementaci贸n en sistemas OFDM con longitudes de s铆mbolo elevadas. Por 煤ltimo, se analiza la implementaci贸n del algoritmo propuesto sobre la cadena de recepci贸n de DVB-T2. Se presentan dos esquemas de recepci贸n que explotan la diversidad temporal y frecuencial presentes en la se帽al afectada por canales variantes en el tiempo, consiguiendo un compromiso razonable entre rendimiento, complejidad y latencia
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