4,526 research outputs found
The Evolution of Male-Biased Dispersal under the Joint Selective Forces of Inbreeding Load and Demographic and Environmental Stochasticity
Acknowledgments We thank G. Bocedi, S. Palmer, and three anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on earlier drafts. R.C.H. was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (1271380). Simulations were performed on the University of Aberdeenâs Maxwell high performance computing cluster.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Predation effects on mean time to extinction under demographic stochasticity
Methods for predicting the probability and timing of a species' extinction
are typically based on a combination of theoretical models and empirical data,
and focus on single species population dynamics. Of course, species also
interact with each other, forming more or less complex networks of
interactions. Models to assess extinction risk often lack explicit
incorporation of these interspecific interactions. We study a birth and death
process in which the death rate includes an effect from predation. This
predation rate is included via a general nonlinear expression for the
functional response of predation to prey density. We investigate the effects of
the foraging parameters (e.g. attack rate and handling time) on the mean time
to extinction. Mean time to extinction varies by orders of magnitude when we
alter the foraging parameters, even when we exclude the effects of these
parameters on the equilibrium population size. In particular we observe an
exponential dependence of the mean time to extinction on handling time. These
findings clearly show that accounting for the nature of interspecific
interactions is likely to be critically important when estimating extinction
risk.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures; Typos removed. For further discussion about the
paper go to http://purl.org/net/extinctio
The advantage of being slow: the quasi-neutral contact process
According to the competitive exclusion principle, in a finite ecosystem,
extinction occurs naturally when two or more species compete for the same
resources. An important question that arises is: when coexistence is not
possible, which mechanisms confer an advantage to a given species against the
other(s)? In general, it is expected that the species with the higher
reproductive/death ratio will win the competition, but other mechanisms, such
as asymmetry in interspecific competition or unequal diffusion rates, have been
found to change this scenario dramatically. In this work, we examine
competitive advantage in the context of quasi-neutral population models,
including stochastic models with spatial structure as well as macroscopic
(mean-field) descriptions. We employ a two-species contact process in which the
"biological clock" of one species is a factor of slower than that of
the other species. Our results provide new insights into how stochasticity and
competition interact to determine extinction in finite spatial systems. We find
that a species with a slower biological clock has an advantage if resources are
limited, winning the competition against a species with a faster clock, in
relatively small systems. Periodic or stochastic environmental variations also
favor the slower species, even in much larger systems.Comment: Reviewed extended versio
Shock persistence in output and the role of stochastic population growth
This paper illustrates both analytically and empirically that stochastic long-memory in economic growth arises due to the presence of a long-memory in population growth. Specifically, we show that the long-run conditional mean and variances of economic growth are functions of stochastic long-memory in demographic system. This is well-supported by an empirical example.economy-demographic interaction, long-memory, economic growth, stochastic population, stochastic economic growth.
Stochastic environmental effects, demographic variation, and economic growth
We consider a stochastic environment to study interactions among pollution growth, demographic changes, and economic growth. Drawing on the empirical findings of slow convergence patterns of pollution shocks (viz., with a long-memory), we build an analytical framework where stochastic environmental feedback effects on population changes are reflected upon aggregate economic growth. Long-memory in economic growth, in our model, is shown to arise due to the inherent stochasticity in environmental and demographic system. Empirical results for a set of developed and developing countries generally support our conjecture. Simulation experiment is carried out to lend additional support to this claim.Environmental Quality, Long-memory, Demographic Dynamics, Economic Growth
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