3,383 research outputs found

    Hierarchical energy management system for controlling distributed energy resources in a community microgrid

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    Community Energy Systems (CES) can be used to unlock the potential of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), maximize the local consumption of Renewable Energy Resources (RES) at the lowest level of electricity grid, and offer collective benefits to the end-users involved. If different electricity producers and consumers (prosumers) are connected to form a CES, the economic behaviour of the system needs to be fully understood. Therefore, a high priority in this important area is the development of a novel design procedure which allows the comprehensive and analytical investigation of the CES using integrating control, management strategies, optimal planning and scheduling and sizing procedures. This thesis presents novel centralized and decentralized hierarchical Community Energy Management Systems (CEMSs) which facilitate energy trading between prosumers in the CES by coordinating the operation of energy resources such as distributed or centralized battery energy storage and shiftable home appliances (located in each house) to achieve a further reduction in the daily household energy costs for each house, compared to being operated individually (i.e. not a part of the CES). The hierarchical CEMS represents an optimization-based real-time interactive algorithm which uses a combination of a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trading scheme and a hierarchical optimization and control framework. This hierarchical CEMS reduces energy costs for end-users, maximizes self-consumption of locally generated energy, reduces the dependency of the CES on the main electrical grid, and reshapes the consumption profile of the CES to reduce peak consumption, while taking into account the battery degradation costs and the use of Demand Side Management (DSM) techniques. The novel structure of the hierarchical CEMS enables the algorithm to deal with frequent changes in the system using a short sample time. Detailed analysis of the performance of the household energy system using a real historic data of several UK households was performed to compare between end-users acting individually or as members of a CES. The performance of the household energy system is also assessed using different factors such as the overnight charging level, forecasting uncertainty, control sample time and tariff policies. Finally, a novel sizing methodology (in terms of energy and power rating) for a Community Battery Energy Storage System (CBESS) to provide Community Bill Management service plus addition ancillary services for the electricity/energy markets is presented. This includes an economic study to investigate if addition revenue could be obtained if the CBESS is used to provide more than one service. The results show the importance of participation in energy trading systems and the advantages of being a member of a CES, the need for using a centralized or a decentralized CEMS in coordination with energy trading systems to tackle the technical problems that may arise, and the importance of participation of the CES in the electricity market to achieve an appropriate return on investment

    Technical and economic feasibility of a microgrid for a fire station in Humboldt County, California.

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    Microgrids are emerging as a promising solution to unreliable grid energy. Today, California is not only witnessing grid resiliency challenges from natural disasters such as wildfires, earthquakes, floods and heatwaves, but it is also seeking to green the grid and bring more renewables online. For example, Humboldt County, where this project is focused, has recently experienced an earthquake of 6.4M (on December 22nd, 2022), which shut down the regional grid for ~20 hours. Microgrid adoption enables critical facilities to operate seamlessly. The Humboldt Bay Fire Station (HBFS) No.1 is one such example, where first responders work to protect citizens against emergencies, be it emergency medical services (EMS) operations or fire rescue or even helping in restoration of power lines. This study involves a techno-economic analysis of a microgrid design that could support efficient and seamless operations for the fire station as it serves the people of Humboldt County during emergencies. A clean energy microgrid for the station aligns with the Humboldt County GHG emission target to reach net zero by 2030, and could provide resilient power to their general and critical loads during regular operations and emergencies. The recommended microgrid for the HBFS No. 1 facility includes a 70-kW photovoltaic (PV) array and a 90 kW/360 kWh battery energy storage system (BESS). The project cost ranges from 300kto300k to 600k (depending upon the level of investment tax credits (ITC) the microgrid project would get). It provides 51-day resiliency in the best case and 28-hour resiliency in the worst case depending upon the weather condition. The system would also reduce greenhouse gas emissions from electricity use at the station by over 98% annually. Considering the potential availability of incentives and the value of resiliency (VoR), the microgrid project for HBFS No.1 demonstrates promising economic feasibility results. The next steps involve further evaluation of the project\u27s financial viability, engaging with relevant stakeholders to secure funding, and proceeding with the detailed design and implementation phases of the microgrid

    ENERGY & STORAGE SHARING STRATEGIES IN AN ELECTRICITY MARKET ENVIRONMENT

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    The rapid growth of renewable energy generation (REG) and energy storage systems (ESS) has created a need to further develop the electricity market for distributed energy, to stimulate the technology and application of REG and battery energy storage systems (BESS). Considering that the investment cost is still high at this stage, a window of opportunity exists for the development of a sharing economy. In light of this, this thesis focuses on energy and storage sharing strategies in an electricity market environment. A distributed energy sharing strategy is proposed for a peer-to-peer (P2P) model on a microgrid. In addition, the pricing model for users in this proposed strategy has been optimised using game theory—with the Bayesian Nash Equilibrium (GM-BNE) algorithm. Based on the basic call auction trading model, the energy trading mechanism has been modified. Meanwhile, an energy sharing cloud service is proposed based on a decentralised approach, in which the cloud energy management strategy can be customised for each participant. Rigorous proofs are also given. A detailed energy storage sharing strategy of the hybrid electricity and gas energy is proposed in the distribution network, which considers the energy operation of BESS and thermal energy storage system (TESS). The techno-economic analysis based on the BESS and TESS sizing model is conducted for storage sharing between users. When considering the battery firm in the joint storage sharing strategy, a novel sharing model is proposed based on the classic per-use sharing economy business model. Rigorous mathematical proofs are given for the application of the sharing economy model to BESS, in which the sharing pricing model is validated for technical feasibility and accuracy. The proposed energy and storage sharing strategies are applicable to distributed users, in the cases of the hospitality industry and smart home. The proposed sharing strategies are also beneficial for investors, as demonstrated in the case for a battery firm. In the case of the battery firm, this per-use rental service can open new benefits. The case studies results show that the proposed energy and storage sharing strategies provide a 'win-win' situation for customers, the battery sales firm and energy networks

    Hierarchical energy management system for controlling distributed energy resources in a community microgrid

    Get PDF
    Community Energy Systems (CES) can be used to unlock the potential of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), maximize the local consumption of Renewable Energy Resources (RES) at the lowest level of electricity grid, and offer collective benefits to the end-users involved. If different electricity producers and consumers (prosumers) are connected to form a CES, the economic behaviour of the system needs to be fully understood. Therefore, a high priority in this important area is the development of a novel design procedure which allows the comprehensive and analytical investigation of the CES using integrating control, management strategies, optimal planning and scheduling and sizing procedures. This thesis presents novel centralized and decentralized hierarchical Community Energy Management Systems (CEMSs) which facilitate energy trading between prosumers in the CES by coordinating the operation of energy resources such as distributed or centralized battery energy storage and shiftable home appliances (located in each house) to achieve a further reduction in the daily household energy costs for each house, compared to being operated individually (i.e. not a part of the CES). The hierarchical CEMS represents an optimization-based real-time interactive algorithm which uses a combination of a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trading scheme and a hierarchical optimization and control framework. This hierarchical CEMS reduces energy costs for end-users, maximizes self-consumption of locally generated energy, reduces the dependency of the CES on the main electrical grid, and reshapes the consumption profile of the CES to reduce peak consumption, while taking into account the battery degradation costs and the use of Demand Side Management (DSM) techniques. The novel structure of the hierarchical CEMS enables the algorithm to deal with frequent changes in the system using a short sample time. Detailed analysis of the performance of the household energy system using a real historic data of several UK households was performed to compare between end-users acting individually or as members of a CES. The performance of the household energy system is also assessed using different factors such as the overnight charging level, forecasting uncertainty, control sample time and tariff policies. Finally, a novel sizing methodology (in terms of energy and power rating) for a Community Battery Energy Storage System (CBESS) to provide Community Bill Management service plus addition ancillary services for the electricity/energy markets is presented. This includes an economic study to investigate if addition revenue could be obtained if the CBESS is used to provide more than one service. The results show the importance of participation in energy trading systems and the advantages of being a member of a CES, the need for using a centralized or a decentralized CEMS in coordination with energy trading systems to tackle the technical problems that may arise, and the importance of participation of the CES in the electricity market to achieve an appropriate return on investment

    Contingency Management in Power Systems and Demand Response Market for Ancillary Services in Smart Grids with High Renewable Energy Penetration.

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    Ph.D. Thesis. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa 2017

    Implementation of second-life batteries as energy storage systems enhancing the interoperability and flexibility of the energy infrastructure in tertiary buildings

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    The main focus of this project is to evaluate the implementation of second-life batteries for a building stock enabling the energy flexibility schemes like Demand Response (DR). This project will focus particularly on how the building stock and its energy infrastructure (energy storage systems, legacy-assets, communication devices and grid architecture, among others) can participate as innovative energy solutions of the next generation of smart-grids, acting as virtual power plants (VPP) in order to deploy the distributed generation (DG) concept in the actual energy field and paving the way to unlock the demand response (DR) market in the distribution energy network. In addition, the implementation of these technologies will led to plan different business models and the scalability of them in the tertiary building sector. Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are already being deployed for several stationary applications in a techno-economical feasible way. This project focuses in the study to obtain potential revenues from BESSs built from EVs lithium-ion batteries with varying states of health (SoH). For this analysis, a stationary BESS sizing model is done, using the parameters of a 14 kWh new battery, but also doing a comparison with parameters if the same battery would be 11.2 kWh second-life battery. The comprehensive sizing model consists of several detailed sub-models, considering battery specifications, aging and an operational strategy plan, which allow a technical assessment through a determined time frame. Therefore, battery depreciation and energy losses are considered in this techno-economic analysis. Potential economical feasible applications of new and second-life batteries, such the integration of a Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV), self-consumption schemes, feed-in-tariff schemes and frequency regulation as well as their combined operation are compared. The research includes different electricity price scenarios mostly from the current Spanish energy market. The operation and integration of ICT-IoT technology upgrades is found to have the highest economic viability for this specific case study. A detailed study for this project will enhance the relevant importance of these topics in the energy field and how it will be a disruptive solution for the initial problem statement. A general context is given in order to introduce the main and specific objectives thus to trace an adequate way to follow and achieve them. The development of this master thesis will be coupled with the Demand Response Integration technologies (DRIvE) [10] H2020 EU funded project, currently on-going, considering some of the energy consumption data and initial parameters from the selected case study at COMSA Corporación office building in Barcelona, Spain

    Community Energy Storage sizing for grid management optimization

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    E'stato analizzato il dimensionamento dell'accumulo elettrico necessario ad una rete locale per fornire un profilo prevedibile. Considerando la partecipazione al mercato del bilanciamento per avere una remunerazione dalla fornitura di tale servizio e gli attuali costi dei sistemi d'accumulo, nel migliore dei casi si ottiene un LCOE almeno doppio a quello dell'energia acquistata dalla rete in configurazione passiva, tale da sconsigliare l'investimento per questo sistema alle condizioni odiern

    Hybrid storage system coupled with PV power plant for primary frequency control

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    Transitioning from fossil fuel classical generators to intermittent, non-synchronous sources like solar and wind presents a series of technical challenges to be overcome on large scale. A specific issue is related with the concept of inertia of the electrical system: the less the number of generators with rotating masses connected to the grid, the less the value of total inertia of the system. Solar driven generating units such as PV present no mechanical inertia, therefore their increase in the electricity generation mix decreases the total inertia of the system, which lower the overall reliability of the system. Logically, it is of fundamental importance to ensure that PV power plants are more and more capable to provide ancillary services to improve the stability of the grid, especially in terms of frequency. The need for faster frequency regulation and voltage control in the electrical system can be ensured effectively by energy storage systems. In the purpose of this study it is addressed the possibility of large battery systems to overcome the variability of the solar resource, and the forecasting error, resulting in higher profit for a PV plant operator. The methodology consists in the formulation and the resolution of a Non-Linear Programming (NLP) problem, implemented in GAMS, applied to a 9.4 MW PV power plant. The output of the simulation determines the parameters that characterize the optimal Hybrid Storage System, in order to increase the profit during one typical day of solar radiation (01 April), while participating actively in the PFC. The result of the investigation determines that the most profitable hybrid storage system to be coupled with the PVPP is formed by a 883 kWh Lithium Ion Battery and a 32 kWh High Speed Flywheel. The analysis is finally complemented with a realistic simulation in Simulink environment in which is developed and implemented a prototype of EM

    Green Principles, Parametric Analysis, and Optimization for Guiding Environmental and Economic Performance of Grid-scale Energy Storage Systems

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    The development and deployment of grid-scale energy storage technologies have increased recently and are expected to grow due to technology improvements and supporting policies. While energy storage can help increase the penetration of renewables, reduce the consumption of fossil fuels, and increase the grid sustainability, its integration into the electric grid poses unique sustainability challenges that need to be investigated through systematic sustainability assessment frameworks. The main objective of this dissertation is to develop principles and models to assess the environmental and economic impacts of grid-scale energy storage and guide its development and deployment. The first study of this dissertation is an initial case study of energy storage to examine the role of cost-effective energy storage in supporting high penetration of wind energy and achieving emissions targets in an off-grid configuration. In this study, the micro-grid system includes wind energy integrated with vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) as energy storage, and natural gas engine. Life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and total cost of delivered electricity are evaluated and generation mixes are optimized to meet emissions targets at the minimum cost. The results demonstrate that while incorporating energy storage consistently reduces life cycle GHG emissions in the system by integrating more wind energy, its integration is cost-effective only under very ambitious emission targets. The insights from this case study and additional literature review led to the development of a set of twelve principles for green energy storage, presented in the second study. These principles are applicable to the wide range of energy storage technologies and grid applications, and are developed to guide the design, maintenance, and operation of energy storage systems for grid applications. The robustness of principles was tested through a comprehensive literature review and also through in-depth quantitative analyses of the VRFB off-grid system. An in-depth parametric analysis is developed in the third study to evaluate the impacts of six key parameters (e.g. energy storage service-life) that influence the environmental performance of six energy storage technologies within three specific grid applications (including time-shifting, frequency regulation, and power reliability). This study reveals that round-trip efficiency and heat rate of charging and displaced generation technologies are dominant parameters in time-shifting and regulation applications, whereas energy storage service life and production burden dominate in power reliability. Finally, an optimization model is developed in the fourth study to examine the real-world application of energy storage in bulk energy time-shifting in California grid under varying renewable penetration levels. The objective was to find the optimal operation and size of energy storage in order to minimize the system total costs (including monetized GHG emissions), while meeting the electricity load and systems constraints. Simulations were run to investigate how the operation of nine distinct storage technologies impacted system cost, given each technology’s characteristics. The results show that increasing the renewable capacity and the emissions tax would make it more cost-effective for energy storage deployment. Among storage technologies, pumped-hydro and compressed-air energy storage with lower capital costs, are deployed in more scenarios. Overall, this research demonstrates how sustainability performance is influenced by storage technology characteristics and the electric grid conditions. The systematic principles, model equations, and optimizations developed in this dissertation provide specific guidance to industry stakeholders on design and deployment choices. The targeted audience ranges from energy storage designers and manufacturers to electric power utilities.PHDNatural Resources & EnvironmentUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/143942/1/marbab_1.pd
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