Synchrophasor Based Islanding & Open phase fault Protection in Distribution Systems

With the rapid growth of renewable energy resources, energy efficiency initiatives, electric vehicles, energy storage, etc., distribution systems are becoming more complex such that conventional protection, control, and measurement infrastructure – typically concentrated at the main substation, with little to no access to information along the feeder – cannot maintain the reliability of the system without some sort of additional protection, control and measurement functionalities. As an example, a dedicated communication channel for carrying the transfer trip signal from the substation to the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) to prevent islanding operation of alternative resources, has been a requirement for many utilities. In the transformation of the distribution system from a simple radial system to a bidirectional energy flow network, integration of many intelligent devices and applications will also be required. Thus, this situation calls for investment in communication infrastructure, and augmentation of protection, control, and measurement functionalities. The value of power system communication technologies such as synchrophasor measurement technology – which includes the Phasor Measurement Unit (measuring and providing voltage and current phasors in the real time via communication), communication infrastructure, and Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC) – is being recognized through large-scale deployments around the world. However, these implementations are predominantly limited to some monitoring-type applications and are being realized primarily in transmission systems and bulk power systems (≥100 kV), where performance requirements are much more stringent compared to distribution systems. So contrary to transmission systems, the current status of synchrophasor measurement technology can be utilized to its full extent in distribution systems, as shown in current research for anti-islanding and open-phase faults in the distribution feeder protection application, where the number of PMUs and performance required is somewhat lower than the bulk of power energy. Thus, the opportunity to invest in the implementation of synchronized measurement technology in distribution system is timely as it can be coordinated with other investments in feeder modernization, distributed generation (DG) integration, and infrastructure enhancements that are underway, including “smart grid” initiatives. In the first use case of this research, the behavior of the major DG types during islanding is studied through accurate transient modeling of utility type distribution systems using PSCAD-EMTDC and MATLAB. The study proposes augmentation of PMU-based solutions to the current passive islanding protection elements, such as voltage and frequency, and improving the non-detection zone of the passive elements by adapting their settings based on normal loading conditions at closest known instant prior to the fault or islanding occurrence. The solution proposes a system architecture that requires one PMU at each PCC bus and in the main substation. The communication aspect is based on the IEC 6850-90-5 report, where the PMU can subscribe directly to the data stream of the remote PMUs such that the need for PDCs in this application is eliminated, yielding better performance. In the second use case, an open-phase fault – a major concern for distribution utilities from safety of public and equipment perspective – has been studied. Clearing the open-phase fault without identifying the type of fault could result in an attempt by the recloser to reenergize the downed wire; conversely, an undetected open-phase fault could initiate ferro-resonance, thereby stressing equipment and increasing the risk to public safety, both urban and rural. This work discusses comprehensive analysis of symmetrical components of various types of open-phase faults in the distribution feeder with the presence of distributed generators (DGs) and proposes the use of phasor measurement data located at substation and PCC to identify the open-phase fault. The proposed algorithm relies on the rate of change of the various current and voltage sequence components. In the study conducted, the utility type feeder and substation are modeled in PSCAD-EMTDC, and different types of open-phase fault and shunt faults are studied to verify the dependability and security of proposed algorithm

DEMSEE (2007: Istanbul)

It is true that Electricity is a pillar for our present Civilization and Culture. One should also recognize that Electricity is the finest useable form of Energy and therefore the most precious. Deregulation of Electricity Markets aims ultimately to make almost everyone responsible for the way electricity is generated, distributed and used. It aims to let fair market rules result in a Market Operation that will advance this sense of responsibility for everybody. This is particularly important in view of the present delicate state of the Environment which should for Humanity’s sake be preserved, at all costs. And indeed, we are lucky in the sense that the current Information Technologies and Information and Communication Technology will allow us to live up to our responsibilities concerning rational electricity usage as well as the preservation of the environment. However, a strong, wide and lasting commitment is necessary, i.e. political will by every nation, to achieve progress with respect of the environment. ...ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY: THE ENGINEERING CHALLENGES AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF CIGRE / Jean KOWAL, 1 -- SUBSIDIES IN WHOLESALE ELECTRICITY MARKET / Osman SEVAİOĞLU, 8 -- GASEOUS DIELECTRICS IN POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION / Loucas G. CHRISTOPHOROU, 13 -- INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND POWER SYSTEM SECURITY ISSUES IN A LIBERALIZED ENVIRONMENT IN SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE (SEE) -- Evangelos LEKATSAS, 20 / NATURAL HAZARDS, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENERGY PRODUCTION -- Menas KAFATOS, 27 / EDUCATIONAL EXPERIMENT KIT STUDIES ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES -- Özcan ATLAM, 32 / AN EFFECTIVE SET OF I.C.T. TOOLS FOR TEACHING & LEARNING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS (RES) -- S. KAPLANIS, E. KAPLANI, 41 / A GIS WEB – APPLICATION FOR POWER SYSTEM OF CRETE -- J. SYLLIGNAKIS, C. ADAMAKIS, T.M. PAPAZOGLOU, 48 / DIAGNOSTIC REVIEW OF A BLACKOUT IN RHODES -- T. M. PAPAZOGLOU, E.J. THALASSINAKIS, C. TSICHLAKIS, N.D. HATZIARGYRIOU, 55 / REAL-TIME TRANSFORMER DYNAMIC LOADING APPLICATION-IMPLEMENTATION AND PRACTICAL USE -- S. KRSTONIJEVIĆ, N. ČUKALEVSKI, G. JAKUPOVIĆ, N. DAMJANOVIĆ, S. CVETIĆANIN, 62 / A COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE RATIO OF PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES AT DIFFERENT TILT ANGLES -- E. DRAKAKIS, F. MAVROMATAKIS, Y. RANGHIADAKIS, P. TZANETAKIS and I. FRAGIADAKIS, 69 / ON THE MAXIMIZATION OF THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF A PV PLANT -- S. KAPLANIS, E. KAPLANI, 75 / INTEGRATED SOFTWARE, FOR IMPULSE VOLTAGES ESTIMATION, IN HIGH VOLTAGE NETWORKS WITH DISTRIBUTED GENERATION -- Stavros LAZAROU, Eleftheria PYRGIOTI, Dimosthenes AGORIS, 83 / NEW 400 kV INTERCONECTION OHL KOSOVO - ALBANIA AND TRANSMISSION NETWORK CONCEPT OF KOSOVO -- S. LIMARI1, K. BAKIC, K. ROBO, L. AHMA, 92 / DEREGULATED ELECTRICITY MARKET IN SOUTH – EASTERN EUROPE: ACTIVE NETWORKS -- Venizelos EFTHYMIOU, 102 / CO2 EMISSIONS FROM THE USE OF FOSSIL FUELS IN CRETE – GREECE -- John VOURDOUBAS, Antonios PITARIDAKIS, Charalampos LITOS, 109 / SURVEY OF POWER EXCHANGES – ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES -- O. GJERDE, O.B. FOSSO, 1J. BOGAS, 114 / FREQUENCY PERFORMANCE MONITORING AND ANALYSIS IT SUBSYSTEM FOR a TSO’s CONTROL CENTRE: ARCHITECTURE AND INITIAL EXPERIENCE WITH ITS USE -- Goran JAKUPOVIĆ, Ninel ČUKALEVSKI, Nikola OBRADOVIĆ, 121 / MARIN POLLUTION AND EFFECTIVE USE OF THE RTV SILICON COATINGS IN CRETAN POWER SYSTEM -- Emmanuel J. THALASSINAKIS, 128 / MONTE CARLO PROCEDURES FOR SIMULATING REAL TIME CONTINGENCES AND SETTING OPTIMAL REDISPATCHING STRATEGIES IN MULTI-AREA SYSTEMS -- S. BENINI, A. LEONI, P. PELACCHI, D. POLI, 136 / COMPARING DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO SOLVE THE UNIT COMMITMENT PROBLEM CONSIDERING HYDRO-PUMPED STORAGE STATIONS -- Yiannis A. KATSIGIANNIS, Emmanuel S. KARAPIDAKIS, 147 / ROOF INTEGRATED SOLAR PARABOLIC COLLECTORS SIMULATION ANALYSIS -- G. BARAKOS, S. KAPLANIS, M. PETRAKIS, A. SPYROGIANNOULAS, 154 / THE ROLE OF A POWER EXCHANGE FOR ENERGY TRADING AND POWER GENERATION INVESTMENT -- Bakatjan SANDALKHAN, 161 / HEURISTIC BASED SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR EXCITATION CONTROL FOR USE IN A DEREGULATED ENVIRONMENT OF ISLAND POWER SYSTEMS -- Yannis L. KARNAVAS, Nicolaos P. POLYZOS, 169 / INNOVATIVE EDUCATION, TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES AT THE ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY OF CYPRUS -- George ASHIKALIS, 177 / WIND FARMS EXPERIENCE IN CRETE ISLAND -- Antiopi GIGANTIDOU, Ioannis STEFANAKIS, N.D. HATZIARGYRIOU, 186 / PUBLIC KEY INFRASTRUCTURE AS A NEW TECHNOLOGY ENABLING ELECTRONIC AUCTIONS USED IN THE CONTEXT OF ELECTRICITY MARKET RESTRUCTURING: AN ASPECT OF THE COMPLEX GLOBAL ECONOMY -- John K. SAKELLARIS, 195 / THE LIBERALIZATION OF THE ELECTRIC POWER MARKET IN SOUTH – EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN -- Dimitris SARRIS, 202 / DETERMINATION OF COST STAGES OF TRANSMISSION LINE PRODUCTS FROM LONDON METAL EXCHANGE TO FINAL CONSUMER -- Sedat KARABAY, Ahmet ŞEN, 205 / NON-INTRUSIVE, ON-LINE RESIDENTAL METERING BASED ON BROADBAND COMMUNICATION -- Ali İNAN, Themis PAPASTERGIOU, 213 / CONTRIBUTION OF LANDFILL GAS ELECTRICITY GENERATION TO ENERGY BALANCE OF CRETE ISLAND: AN ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABLE ASSESSMENT USING LEAP MODEL -- A. A. TSAVE, E. S. KARAPIDAKIS, P. M. SOUPIOS, 2181st ed

20% Wind Energy by 2030

This analysis explores one clearly defined scenario for providing 20% of our nations electricity demand with wind energy by 2030 and contrasts it to a scenario of no new wind power capacity