Super resolution and dynamic range enhancement of image sequences

Camera producers try to increase the spatial resolution of a camera by reducing size of sites on sensor array. However, shot noise causes the signal to noise ratio drop as sensor sites get smaller. This fact motivates resolution enhancement to be performed through software. Super resolution (SR) image reconstruction aims to combine degraded images of a scene in order to form an image which has higher resolution than all observations. There is a demand for high resolution images in biomedical imaging, surveillance, aerial/satellite imaging and high-definition TV (HDTV) technology. Although extensive research has been conducted in SR, attention has not been given to increase the resolution of images under illumination changes. In this study, a unique framework is proposed to increase the spatial resolution and dynamic range of a video sequence using Bayesian and Projection onto Convex Sets (POCS) methods. Incorporating camera response function estimation into image reconstruction allows dynamic range enhancement along with spatial resolution improvement. Photometrically varying input images complicate process of projecting observations onto common grid by violating brightness constancy. A contrast invariant feature transform is proposed in this thesis to register input images with high illumination variation. Proposed algorithm increases the repeatability rate of detected features among frames of a video. Repeatability rate is increased by computing the autocorrelation matrix using the gradients of contrast stretched input images. Presented contrast invariant feature detection improves repeatability rate of Harris corner detector around %25 on average. Joint multi-frame demosaicking and resolution enhancement is also investigated in this thesis. Color constancy constraint set is devised and incorporated into POCS framework for increasing resolution of color-filter array sampled images. Proposed method provides fewer demosaicking artifacts compared to existing POCS method and a higher visual quality in final image

Radiometric calibration methods from image sequences

In many computer vision systems, an image of a scene is assumed to directly reflect the scene radiance. However, this is not the case for most cameras as the radiometric response function which is a mapping from the scene radiance to the image brightness is nonlinear. In addition, the exposure settings of the camera are adjusted (often in the auto-exposure mode) according to the dynamic range of the scene changing the appearance of the scene in the images. Vignetting effect which refers to the gradual fading-out of an image at points near its periphery also contributes in changing the scene appearance in images. In this dissertation, I present several algorithms to compute the radiometric properties of a camera which enable us to find the relationship between the image brightness and the scene radiance. First, I introduce an algorithm to compute the vignetting function, the response function, and the exposure values that fully explain the radiometric image formation process from a set of images of a scene taken with different and unknown exposure values. One of the key features of the proposed method is that the movement of the camera is not limited when taking the pictures whereas most existing methods limit the motion of the camera. Then I present a joint feature tracking and radiometric calibration scheme which performs an integrated radiometric calibration in contrast to previous radiometric calibration techniques which require the correspondences as an input which leads to a chicken-and-egg problem as precise tracking requires accurate radiometric calibration. By combining both into an integrated approach we solve this chicken-and-egg problem. Finally, I propose a radiometric calibration method suited for a set of images of an outdoor scene taken at a regular interval over a period of time. This type of data is a challenging problem because the illumination for each image is changing causing the exposure of the camera to change and the conventional radiometric calibration framework cannot be used for this type of data. The proposed methods are applied to radiometrically align images for seamless mosaics and 3D model textures, to create high dynamic range mosaics, and to build an adaptive stereo system

Deformable Groupwise Registration Using a Locally Low-Rank Dissimilarity Metric for Myocardial Strain Estimation from Cardiac Cine MRI Images

Objective: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance-feature tracking (CMR-FT) represents a group of methods for myocardial strain estimation from cardiac cine MRI images. Established CMR-FT methods are mainly based on optical flow or pairwise registration. However, these methods suffer from either inaccurate estimation of large motion or drift effect caused by accumulative tracking errors. In this work, we propose a deformable groupwise registration method using a locally low-rank (LLR) dissimilarity metric for CMR-FT. Methods: The proposed method (Groupwise-LLR) tracks the feature points by a groupwise registration-based two-step strategy. Unlike the globally low-rank (GLR) dissimilarity metric, the proposed LLR metric imposes low-rankness on local image patches rather than the whole image. We quantitatively compared Groupwise-LLR with the Farneback optical flow, a pairwise registration method, and a GLR-based groupwise registration method on simulated and in vivo datasets. Results: Results from the simulated dataset showed that Groupwise-LLR achieved more accurate tracking and strain estimation compared with the other methods. Results from the in vivo dataset showed that Groupwise-LLR achieved more accurate tracking and elimination of the drift effect in late-diastole. Inter-observer reproducibility of strain estimates was similar between all studied methods. Conclusion: The proposed method estimates myocardial strains more accurately due to the application of a groupwise registration-based tracking strategy and an LLR-based dissimilarity metric. Significance: The proposed CMR-FT method may facilitate more accurate estimation of myocardial strains, especially in diastole, for clinical assessments of cardiac dysfunction

YDA görüntü gölgeleme gidermede gelişmişlik seviyesi ve YDA görüntüler için nesnel bir gölgeleme giderme kalite metriği.

Despite the emergence of new HDR acquisition methods, the multiple exposure technique (MET) is still the most popular one. The application of MET on dynamic scenes is a challenging task due to the diversity of motion patterns and uncontrollable factors such as sensor noise, scene occlusion and performance concerns on some platforms with limited computational capability. Currently, there are already more than 50 deghosting algorithms proposed for artifact-free HDR imaging of dynamic scenes and it is expected that this number will grow in the future. Due to the large number of algorithms, it is a difficult and time-consuming task to conduct subjective experiments for benchmarking recently proposed algorithms. In this thesis, first, a taxonomy of HDR deghosting methods and the key characteristics of each group of algorithms are introduced. Next, the potential artifacts which are observed frequently in the outputs of HDR deghosting algorithms are defined and an objective HDR image deghosting quality metric is presented. It is found that the proposed metric is well correlated with the human preferences and it may be used as a reference for benchmarking current and future HDR image deghosting algorithmsPh.D. - Doctoral Progra

Variational image fusion

The main goal of this work is the fusion of multiple images to a single composite that offers more information than the individual input images. We approach those fusion tasks within a variational framework. First, we present iterative schemes that are well-suited for such variational problems and related tasks. They lead to efficient algorithms that are simple to implement and well-parallelisable. Next, we design a general fusion technique that aims for an image with optimal local contrast. This is the key for a versatile method that performs well in many application areas such as multispectral imaging, decolourisation, and exposure fusion. To handle motion within an exposure set, we present the following two-step approach: First, we introduce the complete rank transform to design an optic flow approach that is robust against severe illumination changes. Second, we eliminate remaining misalignments by means of brightness transfer functions that relate the brightness values between frames. Additional knowledge about the exposure set enables us to propose the first fully coupled method that jointly computes an aligned high dynamic range image and dense displacement fields. Finally, we present a technique that infers depth information from differently focused images. In this context, we additionally introduce a novel second order regulariser that adapts to the image structure in an anisotropic way.Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist die Fusion mehrerer Bilder zu einem Einzelbild, das mehr Informationen bietet als die einzelnen Eingangsbilder. Wir verwirklichen diese Fusionsaufgaben in einem variationellen Rahmen. Zunächst präsentieren wir iterative Schemata, die sich gut für solche variationellen Probleme und verwandte Aufgaben eignen. Danach entwerfen wir eine Fusionstechnik, die ein Bild mit optimalem lokalen Kontrast anstrebt. Dies ist der Schlüssel für eine vielseitige Methode, die gute Ergebnisse für zahlreiche Anwendungsbereiche wie Multispektralaufnahmen, Bildentfärbung oder Belichtungsreihenfusion liefert. Um Bewegungen in einer Belichtungsreihe zu handhaben, präsentieren wir folgenden Zweischrittansatz: Zuerst stellen wir die komplette Rangtransformation vor, um eine optische Flussmethode zu entwerfen, die robust gegenüber starken Beleuchtungsänderungen ist. Dann eliminieren wir verbleibende Registrierungsfehler mit der Helligkeitstransferfunktion, welche die Helligkeitswerte zwischen Bildern in Beziehung setzt. Zusätzliches Wissen über die Belichtungsreihe ermöglicht uns, die erste vollständig gekoppelte Methode vorzustellen, die gemeinsam ein registriertes Hochkontrastbild sowie dichte Bewegungsfelder berechnet. Final präsentieren wir eine Technik, die von unterschiedlich fokussierten Bildern Tiefeninformation ableitet. In diesem Kontext stellen wir zusätzlich einen neuen Regularisierer zweiter Ordnung vor, der sich der Bildstruktur anisotrop anpasst

Variational image fusion

The main goal of this work is the fusion of multiple images to a single composite that offers more information than the individual input images. We approach those fusion tasks within a variational framework. First, we present iterative schemes that are well-suited for such variational problems and related tasks. They lead to efficient algorithms that are simple to implement and well-parallelisable. Next, we design a general fusion technique that aims for an image with optimal local contrast. This is the key for a versatile method that performs well in many application areas such as multispectral imaging, decolourisation, and exposure fusion. To handle motion within an exposure set, we present the following two-step approach: First, we introduce the complete rank transform to design an optic flow approach that is robust against severe illumination changes. Second, we eliminate remaining misalignments by means of brightness transfer functions that relate the brightness values between frames. Additional knowledge about the exposure set enables us to propose the first fully coupled method that jointly computes an aligned high dynamic range image and dense displacement fields. Finally, we present a technique that infers depth information from differently focused images. In this context, we additionally introduce a novel second order regulariser that adapts to the image structure in an anisotropic way.Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist die Fusion mehrerer Bilder zu einem Einzelbild, das mehr Informationen bietet als die einzelnen Eingangsbilder. Wir verwirklichen diese Fusionsaufgaben in einem variationellen Rahmen. Zunächst präsentieren wir iterative Schemata, die sich gut für solche variationellen Probleme und verwandte Aufgaben eignen. Danach entwerfen wir eine Fusionstechnik, die ein Bild mit optimalem lokalen Kontrast anstrebt. Dies ist der Schlüssel für eine vielseitige Methode, die gute Ergebnisse für zahlreiche Anwendungsbereiche wie Multispektralaufnahmen, Bildentfärbung oder Belichtungsreihenfusion liefert. Um Bewegungen in einer Belichtungsreihe zu handhaben, präsentieren wir folgenden Zweischrittansatz: Zuerst stellen wir die komplette Rangtransformation vor, um eine optische Flussmethode zu entwerfen, die robust gegenüber starken Beleuchtungsänderungen ist. Dann eliminieren wir verbleibende Registrierungsfehler mit der Helligkeitstransferfunktion, welche die Helligkeitswerte zwischen Bildern in Beziehung setzt. Zusätzliches Wissen über die Belichtungsreihe ermöglicht uns, die erste vollständig gekoppelte Methode vorzustellen, die gemeinsam ein registriertes Hochkontrastbild sowie dichte Bewegungsfelder berechnet. Final präsentieren wir eine Technik, die von unterschiedlich fokussierten Bildern Tiefeninformation ableitet. In diesem Kontext stellen wir zusätzlich einen neuen Regularisierer zweiter Ordnung vor, der sich der Bildstruktur anisotrop anpasst

Panoramic Video Stitching

Digital camera and smartphone technologies have made high quality images and video pervasive and abundant. Combining or stitching collections of images from a variety of viewpoints into an extended panoramic image is a common and popular function for such devices. Extending this functionality to video however, poses many new challenges due to the demand for both spatial and temporal continuity. Multi-view video stitching (also called panoramic video stitching) is an emerging, common research area in computer vision, image/video processing and computer graphics and has wide applications in virtual reality, virtual tourism, surveillance, and human computer interaction. In this thesis, I will explore the technical and practical problems in the complete process of stitching a high-resolution multiview video into a high-resolution panoramic video. The challenges addressed include video stabilization, efficient multi-view video alignment and panoramic video stitching, color correction, and blurred frame detection and repair. Specifically, I propose a continuity aware Kalman filtering scheme for rotation angles for video stabilization and jitter removal. For efficient stitching of long, high-resolution panoramic videos, I propose constrained and multigrid SIFT matching schemes, concatenated image projection and warping and min-space feathering. These three approaches together can greatly reduce the computational time and memory requirement in panoramic video stitching, which makes it feasible to stitch high-resolution (e.g., 1920x1080 pixels) and long panoramic video sequences using standard workstations. Color correction is the emphasis of my research. On this topic I first performed a systematic survey and performance evaluation of nine state of the art color correction approaches in the context of two-view image stitching. My evaluation work not only gives useful insights and conclusions about the relative performance of these approaches, but also points out the remaining challenges and possible directions for future color correction research. Based on the conclusions from this evaluation work, I proposed a hybrid and scalable color correction approach for general n-view image stitching, and designed a two-view video color correction approach for panoramic video stitching. For blurred frame detection and repair, I have completed preliminary work on image partial blur detection and classification, in which I proposed a SVM-based blur block classifier using improved and new local blur features. Then, based on partial blur classification results, I designed a statistical thresholding scheme for blurred frame identification. For the detected blurred frames, I repaired them using polynomial data fitting from neighboring unblurred frames. Many of the techniques and ideas in this thesis are novel and general solutions to the technical or practical problems in panoramic video stitching. At the end of this thesis, I conclude the contributions made by this thesis to the research and popularization of panoramic video stitching, and describe those open research issues

Simultaneous Homographic and Comparametric Alignment of Multiple Exposure-Adjusted Pictures of the Same Scene

An approach is presented that can simultaneously align multiple exposure-adjusted pictures of the same scene both in their spatial coordinates as well as in their pixel values. The approach is featureless and produces an image mosaic at a common spatial and exposure reference and also addresses the misalignment problem common to methods that compose mosaics from only pair-wise registered image pairs. The objective function considered minimizes the sum of the collective variance over pixels of a global coordinate grid on which to create the final image. The models employed relate images spatially by homographic transformations and tonally by comparametric functions. The importance of performing joint spatial and tonal registration on exposure-adjusted images is emphasized by providing two examples in which spatial-only registration fails. A discussion describing the performance between pair-wise and simultaneous registration under both spatial-only and joint registration procedures is provided