Summary of workshop large outdoor fires and the built environment

Large outdoorfires present a risk to the built environment. Wildfires that spread into communities, referred to as Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI)fires, havedestroyed communities throughout the world, and are an emerging problem infire safety science. Other examples are large urbanfires including those that haveoccurred after earthquakes. Research into large outdoorfires, and how to potentially mitigate the loss of structures in suchfires, lags other areas offire safety scienceresearch. At the same time, common characteristics betweenfire spread in WUIfires and urbanfires have not been fully exploited. In this paper, an overview of thelarge outdoorfire risk to the built environment from each region is presented. Critical research needs for this problem in the context offire safety scienceare provided.The present paper seeks to develop the foundation for an international research needs roadmap to reduce the risk of large outdoorfires to the built environment.Peer ReviewedPreprin

Implementation of a Dose Response to Wood Smoke PM: A Potential Method to Further Explain CVD in Wildland Firefighters.

The presentation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and comorbidities in aging and retired wildland firefighters (WLFF) continues to be one of the top health priorities to address by The United States Forest Service. In the past 20 years, experts at multiple meetings and conferences have confronted this growing concern as a formal call to action to investigation the individual components related to working in the wildland fire setting. The inhalation of wood smoke particulate matter (PM) shows evidence of altering homeostasis in WLLF’s in the areas of oxidative stress, inflammation, and arterial stiffness, all of which contribute to the development of (CVD). To date, comprehensive investigation into the dose response of wood smoke PM and subsequent cardiovascular outcomes remains under studied. Emphasis on a wood smoke PM dose response is based on the inclusion of key variables measuring the size, concentration, sources, and inhalation rate of PM. The literature investigating wood smoke PM induced phycological changes is significantly lack in comparison to the reach studying anthropogenic PM and pollution. Recently, published studies in both field experiments and laboratory simulations provide new insight on how the PM dose of acute exposures alters normative cardiovascular function. There is a growing consensus within the scientific community of wood smoke PM inducing oxidative stress, upregulating inflammatory markers, and elevating pulmonary and systemic inflammation. At this time, fluctuations in autonomic nervous system control of heart rate and vascular tone do not warrant the same strength of confidence as the direct influence of wood smoke PM inhalation. Furthermore, the concentrations, volumes, PM size, and ventilation rates are contextual to each individual dose. What is true in one scenario cannot be extrapolated all wood smoke PM exposures and settings. Based on the findings of this academic exercise, we recommend that future scientific investigations in this area implement directed dose-response methodology, in combination with clinically relevant outcome measures, in order to determine the effects from multiple PM smoke exposures on the development of CVD aging and pathology

Existing science on human factors and ergonomics in the design of ambulances and EMS equipment

Background: Emergency medical services (EMS) personnel face a disproportionally high risk for fatality and injury due to the nature of their work; and current ambulance and EMS equipment design standards do not adequately safeguard EMS personnel from sacrificing personal safety for patient care, a known human factors and ergonomic (HFE) design challenge. Despite the desire to include HFE interventions or considerations into a standard, the effectiveness of existing HFE interventions for EMS is unclear. Objective: Therefore, this study aimed to synthesize the peer-reviewed literature on the design features of patient compartments and EMS equipment that affect EMS personnel’s performance or well-being. Methods: A scoping review methodology was applied to systematically search and screen for relevant articles, and extract data. Three databases (EmBase, Scopus and PubMed) were searched, and search results were screened for articles that pertained to the performance or well-being of EMS personnel when interacting with the patient compartment or its associated equipment. Results and Discussion: Of the 4125 search results, 48 relevant articles were retained, and then sorted into one of three categories: general design, patient handling, and patient transport. It was concluded that, although research has progressed over the past 15 years, more research, development, and resources are needed. Newer generations of ambulances have not been shown to be safer during collisions and there is a knowledge gap in how occupants and contents of a patient compartment behave during a collision. Crash-tests have been performed with restrained occupants and supplies, however, that scenario is unrealistic in the field. While the existing literature provided initial ideas and innovations for improving the HFE of patient handling and patient transport, it is important for future research to convey findings in a manner that can be used to inform design standards

Preventing and monitoring work-related diseases in firefighters: a literature review on sensor-based systems and future perspectives in robotic devices.

: In recent years, the necessity to prevent work-related diseases has led to the use of sensor based systems to measure important features during working activities. This topic achieved great popularity especially in hazardous and demanding activities such as those required of firefighters. Among feasible sensor systems, wearable sensors revealed their advantages in terms of possibility to conduct measures in real conditions and without influencing the movements of workers. In addition, the advent of robotics can be also exploited in order to reduce work-related disorders. The present literature review aims at providing an overview of sensor-based systems used to monitor physiological and physical parameters in firefighters during real activities, as well as to offer ideas for understanding the potentialities of exoskeletons and assistive devices

Effect of musculoskeletal training on risk of occupationally-related injuries in firefighters

textIn 2011, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics documented injury rates of musculoskeletal injuries requiring days away from work in the full-time firefighter work force at approximately 185/10,000 employees. This represents a staggering cost to municipalities in overtime salaries as well as departmental readiness to meet community needs. We propose, in year one of the project, to observationally determine the prospective association between physical performance measures at baseline and risk of future musculoskeletal injury in a cohort of municipal firefighters of the Austin Fire Department (AFD). We will implement an injury registry surveillance system as well as utilize the AFD Wellness Center physical fitness evaluation of all firefighters within AFD. The prospective association between changes in physical performance measures and risk of musculoskeletal injury within a cohort of AFD firefighters will allow determination of risk of occupational injury incidence and injury severity. To study the effect of musculoskeletal training on lowering the risk of occupationally-related injury, we will conduct a randomized cluster cross-over trial. The critical intervention will be a strength training intervention of six months duration, implemented in Year 2. There are a total of 43 fire stations in the AFD. We will randomize 50% of the fire stations in a strength training intervention for six months with the remaining 50% of fire station participating for the second six months. Changes in fitness, strength, and incidence of injury will be monitored for the 12 months of this design. Results from this study will be disseminated to firefighting agencies with strategies for occupationally-related musculoskeletal injury prevention.Kinesiology and Health Educatio