Satellite measurement of ocean turbulence

Turbulence and mixing in the surface layer of the ocean is a significant element in the combined ocean-atmosphere system, and plays a considerable role in the transfer of heat, gas and momentum across the air-sea boundary. Furthermore, improving knowledge of the evolution of energy within the ocean system, both globally and locally, holds importance for improving our understanding of the dynamics of the ocean at large- and small-scales. As such, insight into turbulence and turbulent flows at the ocean surface is becoming increasingly important for its role in ocean-atmosphere exchange and, from a wider perspective, climate change.A research project was initiated to understand the role that spacecraft remote-sensing may play in improving observation of “turbulence” (in a broad sense) in the ocean, and for identifying how steps towards such observation may be made. An initial, exploratory study identified the potential benefit of Synthetic Aperture Radar in “bridging the gap” between in-situ and remote observations o

Synthetic aperture radar images of ocean waves, theories of imaging physics and experimental tests

The physical mechanism for the synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging of ocean waves is investigated through the use of analytical models. The models are tested by comparison with data sets from the SEASAT mission and airborne SAR's. Dominant ocean wavelengths from SAR estimates are biased towards longer wavelengths. The quasispecular scattering mechanism agrees with experimental data. The Doppler shift for ship wakes is that of the mean sea surface

Ocean Remote Sensing with Synthetic Aperture Radar

The ocean covers approximately 71% of the Earth’s surface, 90% of the biosphere and contains 97% of Earth’s water. The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can image the ocean surface in all weather conditions and day or night. SAR remote sensing on ocean and coastal monitoring has become a research hotspot in geoscience and remote sensing. This book—Progress in SAR Oceanography—provides an update of the current state of the science on ocean remote sensing with SAR. Overall, the book presents a variety of marine applications, such as, oceanic surface and internal waves, wind, bathymetry, oil spill, coastline and intertidal zone classification, ship and other man-made objects’ detection, as well as remotely sensed data assimilation. The book is aimed at a wide audience, ranging from graduate students, university teachers and working scientists to policy makers and managers. Efforts have been made to highlight general principles as well as the state-of-the-art technologies in the field of SAR Oceanography

Fine-Scale Features on the Sea Surface in SAR Satellite Imagery - Part 2: Numerical Modeling

With the advent of the new generation of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites, it has become possible to resolve fine-scale features on the sea surface on the scale of meters. The proper identification of sea surface signatures in SAR imagery can be challenging, since some features may be due to atmospheric distortions (gravity waves, squall lines) or anthropogenic influences (slicks), and may not be related to dynamic processes in the upper ocean. In order to improve our understanding of the nature of fine-scale features on the sea surface and their signature in SAR, we have conducted high-resolution numerical simulations combining a three-dimensional non-hydrostatic computational fluid dynamics model with a radar imaging model. The surface velocity field from the hydrodynamic model is used as input to the radar imaging model. The combined approach reproduces the sea surface signatures in SAR of ship wakes, low-density plumes, and internal waves in a stratified environment. The numerical results are consistent with observations reported in a companion paper on in situ measurements during SAR satellite overpasses. Ocean surface and internal waves are also known to produce a measurable signal in the ocean magnetic field. This paper explores the use of computational fluid dynamics to investigate the magnetic signatures of oceanic processes. This potentially provides a link between SAR signatures of transient ocean dynamics and magnetic field fluctuations in the ocean. We suggest that combining SAR imagery with data from ocean magnetometers may be useful as an additional maritime sensing method. The new approach presented in this work can be extended to other dynamic processes in the upper ocean, including fronts and eddies, and can be a valuable tool for the interpretation of SAR images of the ocean surface

Numerical simulations of SAR microwave imaging of the Brazil current surface front

This paper analyzes the hydrodynamic and atmospheric instability modulation mechanisms which influence the Brazilian Current's (BC) thermal front signature in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. Simulations were made using the M4S SAR imaging model. Two SAR images of the Brazilian Southeastern Coast depicting the BC's thermal front were selected including a VV (ASAR/Envisat) and a HH polarization (RADARSAT-1) image. Conditions of current shear and divergence were reproduced for the fronts imaged, using in situ (Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers) current velocities. Wind velocity fields were simulated based on QuikSCAT data. Results showed that SAR imaging of the BC front may be influenced both by atmospheric instabilities and hydrodynamic modulations. The first mechanism prevailed on the RADARSAT image and the latter on the ASAR/Envisat image. When atmospheric instabilities prevailed, the contribution of shear and divergence was almost negligible. When hydrodynamic modulations prevailed, a better agreement between the simulated responses and SAR image responses was obtained by inforcing a reduction of 88% in the relaxation rate, and higher divergence values, of the order of 10-4 s-1. Results indicate that, for some specific cases, local increases in shear and divergence may allow the detection of the BC thermal front.Esse artigo analisa os mecanismos, modulação hidrodinâmica e instabilidade atmosférica que permitem a visualização da frente térmica da Corrente do Brasil (CB) em imagens Radar de Abertura Sintética (SAR). Simulações numéricas realizadas com o modelo M4S basearam-se em duas imagens SAR da costa sudeste brasileira, nas polarizações VV (ASAR/Envisat) e HH (RADARSAT-1), mostrando a região frontal da CB. A simulação das condições médias de cisalhamento e divergência da região frontal se baseou em dados in situ (Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers) de correntes superficiais. Os campos de ventos foram simulados a partir de dados do escaterômetro QuikScat. Os resultados mostram que ambas as modulações por instabilidade atmosférica e hidrodinâmica influenciaram a visualização da frente da CB. O primeiro mecanismo foi dominante na reprodução da modulação da imagem RADARSAT, enquanto o segundo gerou padrão próximo à imagem ASAR/Envisat. No caso de dominância da instabilidade atmosférica, a influência da modulação hidrodinâmica foi pequena. Na prevalência de modulação hidrodinâmica, observou-se boa concordância entre os resultados simulados e reais, porém utilizando valores de divergência da ordem de 10-4 s-1 e impondo uma diminuição de 88% na taxa de relaxação. Os resultados indicam que, em casos específicos, o aumento da divergência/cisalhamento na região frontal poderia possibilitar a visualização da frente térmica da CB

Generation of secondary internal waves by the interaction of an internal solitary wave with an underwater bank

The generation of secondary internal waves by the interaction of a large-amplitude internal solitary wave with the Dreadnought Bank in the Andaman Sea (6°40′N, 95° 47′E) is shown by analyzing a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image acquired by the European Remote Sensing satellite ERS-2 and by carrying out model calculations. Although the Dreadnought Bank is quite deep (241 m), the model calculations show that large-amplitude internal solitary waves as encountered in this sea area can overturn and break over the bank and generate secondary internal waves. Comparison of model results with observations clearly demonstrates that the semicircular wave pattern visible on the ERS-2 SAR image centered at the Dreadnought Bank is indeed a sea surface manifestation of a secondary internal wave packet generated by scattering of a large-amplitude internal solitary wave and not by the interaction of the barotropic tidal flux with this underwater obstacle. Copyright 2005 by the American Geophysical Union

Advanced Geoscience Remote Sensing

Nowadays, advanced remote sensing technology plays tremendous roles to build a quantitative and comprehensive understanding of how the Earth system operates. The advanced remote sensing technology is also used widely to monitor and survey the natural disasters and man-made pollution. Besides, telecommunication is considered as precise advanced remote sensing technology tool. Indeed precise usages of remote sensing and telecommunication without a comprehensive understanding of mathematics and physics. This book has three parts (i) microwave remote sensing applications, (ii) nuclear, geophysics and telecommunication; and (iii) environment remote sensing investigations

Remote Sensing Retrieval Study of the Surface Kinetic Parameters in the Yangtze Estuary and Its Adjacent Waters

Wind and current are significant parameters in the hydrodynamic processes, making a significant effect on the expansion of the Yangtze (Changjiang River) Diluted Water, sediment transport, resuspension and shelf circulation in the Yangtze Estuary. They are indispensable as input parameters in the numerical simulation of these phenomena. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can acquire data with different resolutions (down to 1 m) and coverage (up to 400 km) over a site during day or night time under all weather conditions, being capable of providing ocean surface kinetic parameters with high resolution. SAR images were collected to verify and improve the validity of wind direction retrieval by 2D fast Fourier transformation (FFT) method, wind speed by CMOD4 model and current by Doppler frequency method. These SAR-retrieved wind and current results were analyzed and assessed against in situ data and corresponding numerically simulated surface wind and current fields. Comparisons to the in situ and simulations show that 1) SAR can measure sea surface wind fields with a high resolution at sub-km scales and provide a powerful complement to conventional wind measurement techniques. 2) The Doppler shift anomaly measurements from SAR images are able to capture quantitative surface currents, thus are helpful to reveal the multi-scale upper layer dynamics around the East China Sea