Preliminary design for a Zero Gravity Test Facility (ZGTF). Volume 1: Technical

The functional requirements and best conceptual design of a test facility that simulates weightless operating conditions for a high gain antenna systems (HGAS), that will broadcast to the Tracking Data Relay Satellites were defined. The typical HGAS defined is mounted on a low Earth orbiting satellite, and consists of an antenna with a double gimbal pointing system mounted on a 13 foot long mast. Typically, the gimbals are driven by pulse modulated dc motors or stepper motors. These drivers produce torques on the mast, with jitter that excites the satellite and may cause disturbances to sensitive experiments. The dynamic properties of the antenna support structure (mast), including flexible mode characteristics were defined. The torque profile induced on the spacecraft by motion of the high gain antenna was estimated. Gain and phase margins of the servo control loop of the gimbal drive electronics was also verified

Electrical and Electro-Optical Biosensors

Electrical and electro-optical biosensing technologies are critical to the development of innovative POCT devices, which can be used by both professional and untrained personnel for the provision of necessary health information within a short time for medical decisions to be determined, being especially important in an era of global pandemics. This Special Issue includes a few pioneering works concerning biosensors utilizing electrochemical impedance, localized surface plasmon resonance, and the bioelectricity of sensing materials in which the amount of analyte is pertinent to the signal response. The presented results demonstrate the potential of these label-free biosensing approaches in the detection of disease-related small-molecule metabolites, proteins, and whole-cell entities

Development of biomedical devices for the extracorporeal real-time monitoring and perfusion of transplant organs

The goal of this Thesis is to develop a range of technologies that could enable a paradigm shift in organ preservation for renal transplantation, transitioning from static cold storage to warm normothermic blood perfusion. This transition could enable the development of novel pre-implantation therapies, and even serve as the foundation for a global donor pool. A low-hæmolysis pump was developed, based on a design first proposed by Nikola Tesla in 1913. Simulations demonstrated the theoretical superiority of this design over existing centrifugal pumps for blood recirculation, and provided insights for future avenues of research into this technology. A miniature, battery-powered, multimodal sensor suite for the in-line monitoring of a blood perfusion circuit was designed and implemented. This was named the ‘SmartPipe’, and proved capable of simultaneously monitoring temperature, pressure and blood oxygen saturations over the biologically-relevant ranges of each modality. Finally, the Thesis details the successful implementation and optimisation of a combined microfluidic and microdialysis system for the real-time quantitation of creatinine in blood or urine through amperometric sensing, to act as a live renal function monitor. The range of detection was 4.3μM – 500μM, with the possibility of extending this in both directions. This work also details and explores a novel methodology for functional monitoring in closed-loop systems which avoids the need for sensor calibration, and potentially overcomes the problems of sensor drift and desensitisation.Open Acces

EUROSENSORS XVII : book of abstracts

Fundação Calouste Gulbenkien (FCG).Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)

Layer-by-layer assembly of organic films and their application to multichannel surface plasmon resonance sensing

This thesis provides a study of a single chip, multi-channel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging system. The equipment has no moving parts and uses a single sensor "chip" onto which multiple channels can be incorporated. A light emitting diode is used as a photon source while a CCD camera forms the detector. The optical configuration has been designed to achieve a uniform illumination of the sample over a fixed area with a range of incident angles. Poly(ethylene imine), PEI, poly(ethylene-co-maleic acid), PMAE, poly(styrene sulfonate), PSS, and a cationic modified polyacrylic ester, PMADAMBQ, are used as the molecular "bricks" in layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembled organic architectures. Reflectivity changes in real time are used to follow the adsorption steps during the deposition of the multilayer films. Sensing experiments are mainly focused on the first row transition metals such as iron (II), nickel (II), copper (II)and zinc (II). Sensing of anionic sodium dodecylbenzene sulphate, C(_12)H(_25)C(_6)H(_4)SO(_3)Na, and a reversible pH-dependent response for a PEI/PMAE/PMADAMBQ LbL film are also reported. Using a two bilayer structure, PEI/PMAE/PMADAMBQ/PMAE, a detection limit of less of one part per million for copper ions in solution is measured. Atomic force microscopy is used to elucidate the morphology of the organic films. In some cases, the visualization of isolated polymeric chains is demonstrated. It is proved that polyelectrolytes of different charge density form dissimilar structures. The outer surface of PEI/PSS bilayers appears to be more uniform than that of PEI/PMAE bilayers. This is believed to have an influence on the sensing performance of the LbL architectures. The use of the SPR sensing system for simultaneous interrogation of different polyelectrolyte thin films is demonstrated. Two different LbL self-assembled films, PEI/PSS and PEI/PMAE, are built-up on the same chip. Their response to a variety of metal ions is shown to be independent and reasonably reproducible. Moreover, consistent results are obtained when using sensing chips stored for a relatively long time

Micro-Nano-Bio Systems for on-line monitoring of in vitro biofilm responses

El treball presentat en aquesta tesi doctoral te com objectiu principal la contribució en el camp de la microbiologia per entendre el biofilms i el possible control de desenvolupament mitjançant l’ús de mètodes i enfoc multidisciplinari. Els biofilms estan definits com comunitats de microorganismes que creixen envoltats en una matriu exopolisacárida i s’adhereixen a una superfície inert o teixit viu. La formació dels biofilms bacterians tenen un gran interès en microbiologia clínica degut al desenvolupament d’infeccions que son causades pel contacte directe o per colonització de dispositius mèdics implantats i pròtesis. Actualment es consideren causa de més del 60 % de les infeccions bacterianes. El problema dels biofilms bacterians a nivell clínic es que mostren millor resistència a antibiòtics arribant inclús a ser de 500 a 5000 cops més resistents a agents antimicrobians comparant amb la mateixa bactèria planctònica (bactèria en suspensió). Hi ha hagut moltes temptatives d’adaptar mètodes a laboratoris clínics on es reprodueixen les condicions pel desenvolupament de biofilms, però encara no s’ha arribat a obtenir òptims protocols estàndard per a aquest propòsit de monitoritzar la formació i toxicitat a temps real. Ha crescut l’interès en disseny, desenvolupament i utilització de dispositius de microfluídica que poden emular els fenòmens biològics que ocorren amb diferents geometries, dinàmica de fluids i restriccions de transport de biomassa en microambients fisiològics. La recerca descrita en aquesta tesis s’ha dut a terme amb diferents mètodes “label-free” basats en la variació acústica y/o propietats elèctriques per a la monitorització de biofilms. El treball presentat en la monografia descriu un dispositiu “custom-made” per a la utilització d’Espectroscòpia de impedància electroquímica com a eina útil per a l’obtenció d’informació d’adherència i formació de biofilms. El fet d’afegir nanopartícules com a segon biosensor permet la correlació de biofilm amb la seva toxicitat a temps real per a la detecció del punt òptim de tractament de biofilms. Finalment el disseny d’aquesta tecnologia s’utilitza per l’assaig de la resposta de biofilms a antibiòtics com a model in vitro d’infeccions causades per biofilms.El trabajo presentado en esta tesis doctoral tiene como principal objetivo la contribución en el campo de la microbiología para entender los biofilms y el posible control de desarrollo mediante el uso de métodos y enfoque multidisciplinar. Los biofilms están definidos como comunidades de microorganismos que crecen embebidos en una matriz exopolisacárida y se adhieren a una superficie inerte o tejido vivo. La formación de los biofilms bacterianos tiene un gran interés en microbiología clínica debido al desarrollo de infecciones que son causadas por contacto directo o por colonización de dispositivos médicos implantados y prótesis. Actualmente se consideran la causa de más del 60 % de las infecciones bacterianas. El problema de los biofilms bacterianos a nivel clínico es que muestran mejor resistencia a antibióticos llegando incluso a ser de 500 a 5000 veces más resistentes a agentes antimicrobianos comparado a la misma bacteria planctónica (bacteria en suspensión). Ha habido muchas tentativas de adaptar métodos a laboratorios clínicos donde se reproducen las condiciones para el desarrollo de biofilms, pero aún no se ha llegado a obtener óptimos protocolos estándar para este propósito de monitorizar la formación y toxicidad en tiempo real. Ha crecido el interés en diseño, desarrollo y utilización de dispositivos de microfluídica que puedan emular los fenómenos biológicos que ocurren con diferentes geometrías, dinámica de fluidos y restricciones de transporte de biomasa en microambientes fisiológicos. La investigación descrita en esta tesis se lleva a cabo con diferentes métodos “label-free” basados en variación acústica y/o propiedades eléctricas para la monitorización de biofilms. El trabajo presentado en esta monografía describe un dispositivo “custom-made” para la utilización de Espectroscopia de impedancia electroquímica como herramienta útil para obtener información de adherencia y formación de biofilms. El hecho de añadir nanopartículas como segundo biosensor permite la correlación de biofilm con su toxicidad en tiempo real para la detección del punto óptimo del tratamiento de biofilms. Finalmente el diseño de esta tecnología es usada para el ensayo de la respuesta de biofilms a antibióticos como modelo in vitro de infecciones causadas por biofilms.The work presented in this thesis has the main aim to contribute in the field of clinical microbiology to understand the biofilms and the possible of development through the use of methods with multidisciplinary approach. Biofilms are defined as communities of microorganisms that grow embedded in a matrix of exopolysaccharides and adhering to an inert surface or living tissue. The formation of bacterial biofilms has an interest in clinical microbiology with the development of infections that usually arise from either direct contact or the colonization of implanted medical devices and prostheses. Currently they are considered the cause of over 60% of bacterial infections. The problem of bacterial biofilms at clinical level is showing great resistance to antibiotics, so that the biofilm bacteria are 500 to 5000 times more resistant to antimicrobial agents that the same bacteria grown in planktonic cultures (bacteria in suspension). There have been attempts to adapt methods to clinical laboratories where they reproduce the conditions of biofilms, but have not yet adopted an optimal standard protocol for this purpose to follow-up the formation and toxicity in real-time. There has been a growing interest in design, development and utilization of microfluidic devices that can emulate biological phenomena that occur in different geometries, fluid dynamics and mass transport restrictions in physiological microenvironments. The research described in this thesis deals with different label-free methods based on variation of acoustic and electric properties for biofilm monitoring. The work presented in this monograph describe a custom-made device for using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as useful tool to obtain information of adherence and formation of biofilms. The addition of nanoparticles as toxicity biomarker allows the correlation of biofilm formation with its toxicity in real-time for detention of the optimal point for biofilm treatment. Finally the design of this technology is used for testing the biofilm response to antibiotic as in vitro model of biofilm-related infection

Charge-Modulated Field-Effect Transistor: technologies and applications for biochemical sensing

The research activity described in the attached dissertation focused on the development, fabrication and characterization of field-effect transistor-based biochemical sensor (bioFET) developed in different technologies. Such a research field has been attracting a significant interest in the last decades, as electronic sensors can represent as valuable, portable and low cost alternative to the bulk, expensive laboratory instrumentation. Among the biochemical reactions, genetic processes have been thoroughly investigated in literature: in particular, DNA hybridization detection represents a basic biological reaction for several, more sophisticated analysis in medical, pharmaceutical and forensic fields. The development of the research activity was centered on a specific biosensor, namely Charge-Modulated Field-Effect Transistor (CMFET), originally proposed in 2005 by the Electronic Department at the University of Cagliari. In particular, the aim of the activity was to make a significant step forward with respect to the results already presented in literature for DNA hybridization detection, employing two different technologies: CMOS process and organic electronics. As regards CMOS process, the activity mainly focused on the testing of a Lab-on-a-Chip (LoC), hosting several CMFET structures, developed and fabricated before but never tested. The activity carried out allowed to develop a precise electrical model of the device, validated by actual measurements, by which the basic performances of the device were derived. Subsequently, the application of the LoC for DNA hybridization detection was demonstrated: a reliable biochemical protocol for the modification of the chip surface with DNA strands was developed, as well as a precise measurement procedure. A complete evaluation of the sensitivity and selectivity of the device with respect to DNA hybridization was obtained; from the obtained results, several consideration about the relationship between the chip layout and the performances of the device were inferred. In conclusion, a road-map for the development of a new chip, customized for the application as DNA hybridization sensor, was developed. As regards the Organic CMFET (OCMFET), the activity comprised design, fabrication and testing of devices particularly conceived as disposable DNA hybridization sensors for field-measurement kits. Such a task required the development of innovative technological processes for the fabrication of high-performances organic transistors, i.e. transistors capable to be operated at low voltages (about 1 V) with quasi-ideal electrical performances. In particular, a highly reliable fabrication process, compatible with plastic electronics and easily up-scalable to an industrial size, was determined. Consequently, novel OCMFET were fabricated and tested. World record results in terms of sensitivity and selectivity among the organic transistor-based DNA sensors were reproducibly obtained. Thanks to the reliability of the results, the performances of the OCMFET were carefully studied, and design rules for the optimization of the device were inferred; an optimized, low voltage OCMFET allowed to further enhance the result, determining final performances even better than the one of silicon-based sensors. Finally, thanks to an innovative analysis on the influence of the device polarization to the characteristics of the bioreceptor layer at a micro-nanometrical size, a physical effect related to a tilting of the DNA molecules with respect to the surface was observed. This feature, possibly related to the CMFET working principle, can allow to overcome a general limitation of the bioFET technologies that have limited so far the application of these devices in vivo, thus opening novel possible applications for the CMFET working principle beyond the measurements in vitr