Phylogéographie du mélèze laricin (Larix laricina [Du roi] K. Koch) en Amérique du Nord

La structure des populations du mélèze laricin (Larix laricina [Du roi] K. Koch) a été étudiée à l’aide de polymorphismes de l’ADN mitochondrial et chloroplastique. Deux populations, situées en Alaska et au Labrador, étaient génétiquement distinctes des autres, suggérant l'existence de refuges glaciaires nordiques à ces endroits. La répartition spatiale des haplotypes a révélé un clivage génétique entre deux groupes de populations occupant l’est et l’ouest de l'aire de répartition. Ce patron témoignerait de la présence de deux lignées glaciaires génétiquement distinctes provenant d’autant de refuges localisés au sud de l'inlandsis Laurentidien. L’analyse des données polliniques a permis de corroborer la présence de refuges glaciaires au sud-ouest des Grands Lacs et à l’ouest des Appalaches, en plus des possibles refuges en Alaska et au Labrador. La haute différenciation génétique propre aux populations de l’ouest pourrait être la conséquence d’une forte compétition interspécifique lors de la recolonisation postglaciaire de cette région.Geographical population structure of the North American larch, Larix laricina [Du roi] K. Koch was studied using mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA polymorphisms. Some populations from Alaska and Labrador were genetically differentiated from neighboring populations, suggesting that these two regions served as glacial refugia. The spatial distribution of haplotypes revealed a cleavage between eastern and western populations, which are probably representative of two distinct glacial lineages that expanded from the south of the ice sheet following the last glacial maximum. Mapped pollen records helped inferring the putative location of glacial refugia south-west of the Great Lakes, west of the Appalachians, as well as in Alaska and Labrador. High population differentiation among western populations likely indicates that interspecific competition was strong during the postglacial colonization of the region

Sustainable forest genetic resources programmes in the Newly Independent States of the former USSR: Proceedings of a Workshop 23-26 September 1996, Belovezha, Belarus. [Title in Russian]

This workshop was a first opportunity to meet and renew collaboration in forest genetic resources, since the dissolution of the USSR, and it benefited greatly from the expertise and the long tradition of cooperation among the participants and their institutions, which goes back to the beginning of the 1990's. The objectives were to provide an overview of the current activities, to reassess needs and priorities, and to emphasize the interest and capacities of the Newly Independent States to be proactive in international cooperation

Genetic Structure of Pinus Populations in the Urals

The sustainable use and conservation of forest resources must be carried out with a detailed study of the main forest-forming plant species. Coniferous forests form the basis of boreal forest ecosystems and are of great economic importance. Representatives of forest-forming boreal coniferous species are species of the genus Pinus, including Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), which are valuable and widely used woody plant species. The purpose of this research was to conduct an extended study of genetic diversity, genetic structure, and differentiation of P. sibirica and P. sylvestris populations under the conditions of their habitat in the Middle and Northern Urals. We studied twelve populations of two Pinus species using the inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)-based DNA polymorphism detection PCR method. Populations are characterized by relatively high levels of genetic diversity (P. sylvestris: He = 0.163; ne = 1.270; I = 0.249; P. sibirica: He = 0.148; ne = 1.248; I = 0.225). Analysis of the intrapopulation genetic structure reveals that the studied populations are highly differentiated (P. sylvestris: GST = 0.362; P. sibirica: GST = 0.460). The interpopulation component comprised 36% and 46% of the total genetic diversity for P. sylvestris and P. sibirica, respectively. Using various algorithms to determine the spatial genetic structure, it was determined that P. sylvestris populations form two groups according to their location at a certain altitude above sea level. P. sibirica populations form two clusters, with an additional subdivision of the two populations into subclusters identified. The data obtained during the study may be useful for further research as well as for conservation management planning and related forestry practices aimed at preserving the genetic resources of valuable forest plant species

Genetic Structure of Pinus Populations in the Urals

The sustainable use and conservation of forest resources must be carried out with a detailed study of the main forest-forming plant species. Coniferous forests form the basis of boreal forest ecosystems and are of great economic importance. Representatives of forest-forming boreal coniferous species are species of the genus Pinus, including Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), which are valuable and widely used woody plant species. The purpose of this research was to conduct an extended study of genetic diversity, genetic structure, and differentiation of P. sibirica and P. sylvestris populations under the conditions of their habitat in the Middle and Northern Urals. We studied twelve populations of two Pinus species using the inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)-based DNA polymorphism detection PCR method. Populations are characterized by relatively high levels of genetic diversity (P. sylvestris: He = 0.163; ne = 1.270; I = 0.249; P. sibirica: He = 0.148; ne = 1.248; I = 0.225). Analysis of the intrapopulation genetic structure reveals that the studied populations are highly differentiated (P. sylvestris: GST = 0.362; P. sibirica: GST = 0.460). The interpopulation component comprised 36% and 46% of the total genetic diversity for P. sylvestris and P. sibirica, respectively. Using various algorithms to determine the spatial genetic structure, it was determined that P. sylvestris populations form two groups according to their location at a certain altitude above sea level. P. sibirica populations form two clusters, with an additional subdivision of the two populations into subclusters identified. The data obtained during the study may be useful for further research as well as for conservation management planning and related forestry practices aimed at preserving the genetic resources of valuable forest plant species

Genetic Test Based on Pedigree Reconstruction and Spatial Analysis in a Plantation of Larix kaempferi

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 농업생명과학대학 농림생물자원학부, 2021. 2. 강규석.일본잎갈나무는 동북아시아 지역의 주요 조림수종으로, 국내 대경재 생산량 증가 및 목재 가공 기술의 발달에 따라 조림 수요가 높아지고 있는 수종이다. 산림의 경제성 향상을 목표로 하는 임목 개량을 위해 전통적으로 차대검정 방식에 의한 수형목 유전검정이 수행된다. 그러나 국내 일본잎갈나무는 차대검정 기반이 마련되어 있지 않아 최근의 수요 증가에 대응하기 위한 진전세대 육성에 어려움이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 일본잎갈나무 수형목의 차대검정을 대체하여 조림지 개체목의 가계도 재구성과 표현형 공간 분포 분석을 활용한 유전검정을 수행하였다. 이를 통해 우수한 개체목과 모수를 선발하여 개량효과를 높이기 위한 육종 재료로 활용하고자 하였다. 먼저 일본잎갈나무 채종원산 차대로 조성된 임분을 후보 육종집단으로 선정하고 유전변이를 분석하였다. 차대 집단의 유전변이가 모수 집단에 상응하는 수준인 것으로 나타나 육종집단으로 활용이 가능함을 확인하였다. 모수와 차대 집단의 유전적 구조는 전반적으로 동질적이었으나 내재된 유전적 그룹의 개수는 두 집단 간 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 현상은 종자 생산과 관련된 교배양식, 결실 풍흉 등에 따라 모수와 차대 집단 간의 유전적 특성에 변화가 있을 수 있음을 보여주는 것으로 판단되었다. 이에 따라 향후 육종 재료로의 활용을 목적으로 조림지를 선정할 때에는 집단의 유전적 특성에 대한 확인이 선행되어야 할 것으로 여겨졌다. 다음으로 가계도 재구성을 통해 개체목의 모수를 배정하여 가계 정보를 취득하고 흉고직경 생장에 대한 유전검정을 수행하였다. 생장에 대한 유전적 요인 분석의 정확성을 높이기 위해 가계 정보와 공간자기회귀 구조의 공간적 요인을 고려하는 모형으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 가계 정보만을 활용하는 모형에 비해 육종가 예측값의 적합도를 향상시킬 수 있었고, 차대 개체목과 모수의 육종가를 추정하였다. 이를 통해 연구 대상지 내에서 유전적으로 생장이 우수한 개체와 수형목 클론을 선정하였다. 마지막으로 일본잎갈나무 육종 재료의 사후 관리 방안을 제시하기 위해 생장에 주요한 입지환경 요인과 그 영향을 분석하였다. 생장에 대한 입지환경 요인의 회귀분석에는 지리적 가중 회귀모형이 일반적인 회귀모형에 비해 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 이 분석을 활용하여 개체목 생장에 대한 각 요인의 회귀계수가 임분 내에서 변화되는 양상을 확인하였다. 그리고 유전검정 대상 조림지의 입지환경 특성과 사후 구획 양식 등 육종 재료의 체계적 관리에 필요한 정보를 파악할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 가계도 재구성과 표현형 공간 분포 분석을 활용한 유전검정을 수행한 결과 차대검정을 대체할 수 있는 유용한 분석 체계인 것으로 판단되었다. 그리고 차대검정 기반이 미비한 수종의 임목 개량을 위해서도 본 연구 체계를 적용할 수 있을 것으로 기대되었다.Larix kaempferi is one of the major timber species in Northeast Asia because of their rapid growth and straightness. In particular, the demand for reforestation has been increased in Korea due to the recent expand in the timber production of L. kaempferi and the development of wood processing technology. The purpose of forest improvement is to improve the economic value of forests by continuous enhancement of the genetic gain based on the recurrent selection, genetic testing and utilizing superior individuals. The genetic testing of superior individuals has traditionally been carried out by progeny trial, but the basis for the test has not been established yet in L. kaempferi. In this study, genetic testing was carried out using pedigree reconstruction and spatial distribution analysis to replace the traditional progeny trial. The level of the genetic variation was assessed after the selection of the reforested stand originated from the seed orchard of L. kaempferi. The level of the genetic variation was comparable in the reforested stand, which is the offspring group, to the mother trees group. It showed the possibility of utilizing the stand as a breeding population. As L. kaempferi has been planted in the various parts of the country since its introduction, no clear genetic structure was found among the analyzed individuals. However, the number of the inherent genetic groups between the mother trees and the offsprings was shown to differ. Genetic variation and structure of the offsprings may differ from those of the mother trees due to the various causes that affect seed production. The causes are such as reproductive characteristics of the species including the harvesting yield and/ or mating pattern. Therefore it was deemed necessary to check the genetic variation as the first step in selecting the breeding material to apply the pedigree reconstruction analysis. The genetic test for diameter growth was performed based on the family information by pedigree reconstruction of the individual trees in the stand using microsatellite markers. In order to improve the accuracy of the estimation of genetic factors, the results of the genetic test considering spatial distribution of the DBH were compared and found to show improved fitness upon the animal model. The usefulness of the spatial analysis was confirmed for the genetic testing without prior experimental design. By separating the spatial factors, it was possible to select the genetically superior offspring and mothers in terms of the growth based on the predicted breeding values Finally the changes in the environmental factors within the heterogeneous stand was identified by the geographically weighted regression analysis. The analytic model was more suitable than the general regression model. The variations in the regression coefficients of the main environmental factors to the growth trait were significant. The changes allowed it possible to propose a zoning scheme for future management of the reforested stand as a breeding material. This study was attempted to establish a genetic testing system combining the pedigree reconstruction and spatial distribution analysis of individual trees in the reforested stand. As a result the analytic system used in this study was judged to be applicable as a way to replace the traditional progeny trial. In addition, it was expected that the analysis in this study could be expanded to be utilized in the genetic testing of the other tree species without sufficient basis for progeny trial.제1장 서 론 1 제1절 연구 배경 및 필요성 1 제2절 연구 목적 3 제3절 연구 체계 6 제2장 연구사 10 제1절 잎갈나무속 개량 연구 10 제2절 잎갈나무속 유전변이 21 제3절 임목의 유전검정을 위한 가계도 재구성 27 제4절 개체목 표현형의 공간 분포를 고려한 유전검정 33 제5절 잎갈나무속 생장과 환경적 요인의 관계 36 제3장 재료 및 방법 40 제1절 연구 대상지 선정 및 시료 수집 40 제2절 일본잎갈나무 조림지 유전변이 및 가계도 재구성 44 1. Microsatellite marker에 의한 유전변이 분석 44 2. 가계도 재구성 50 제3절 개체목 가계도 및 표현형 공간 분포를 활용한 유전검정 51 1. 개체목 가계도 정보를 활용한 유전검정 51 2. 개체목 표현형의 공간 분포를 고려한 유전검정 52 제4절 일본잎갈나무 조림지 개체목의 생장과 환경적 요인 회귀분석 54 1. 개체목별 입지환경 요인 자료 수집 54 2. 지리적 가중 회귀분석 56 제4장 결과 및 고찰 57 제1절 일본잎갈나무 유전변이 및 가계도 재구성 57 1. 연구 대상지 특성 57 2. 일본잎갈나무 채종원산 임분 유전변이 63 3. 일본잎갈나무 개체목 가계도 재구성 75 제2절 일본잎갈나무 조림지 개체목의 유전검정 84 1. 개체목 가계도 정보를 활용한 유전검정 84 2. 개체목 표현형의 공간 분포를 고려한 유전검정 88 제3절 일본잎갈나무 개체목 생장과 환경적 요인 회귀분석 103 1. 일본잎갈나무 개체목 입지환경 분석 103 2. 지리적 가중 회귀분석에 의한 환경적 요인의 영향 변화·· 108 제5장 결 론121 인 용 문 헌 124 부 록 146 Abstract 164Docto

Problems of studying the vegetation cover of Siberia

В 2020 г. исполняется 135 лет со времени создания Гербария в Императорском Томском университете и 170 лет со дня рождения основателя Гербария – Порфирия Никитича Крылова. В сборнике представлены материалы VII Международной научной конференции «Проблемы изучения растительного покрова Сибири», посвященной двум этим знаменательным датам. Всю свою жизнь П.Н. Крылов посвятил разностороннему изучению растительного покрова Сибири, поэтому предметом обсуждения на конференции стали самые разнообразные вопросы ботанических исследований. Отражены вопросы сохранения и развития ботанических коллекций, актуальные проблемы изучения флоры и растительности, современные проблемы и методы систематики растений, исследования в области биологии и экологии растений, вопросы охраны и рационального использования видов сибирской флоры. Авторами публикуемых материалов являются ботаники из России, Казахстана, Молдовы, Германии, Польши. Для специалистов в области ботаники, экологии, охраны природы, аспирантов и студентов биологических специальностей вузов

Genetics and Improvement of Forest Trees

Forest tree improvement has mainly been implemented to enhance the productivity of artificial forests. However, given the drastically changing global environment, improvement of various traits related to environmental adaptability is more essential than ever. This book focuses on genetic information, including trait heritability and the physiological mechanisms thereof, which facilitate tree improvement. Nineteen papers are included, reporting genetic approaches to improving various species, including conifers, broad-leaf trees, and bamboo. All of the papers in this book provide cutting-edge genetic information on tree genetics and suggest research directions for future tree improvement

Diversity and Evolution of Short Interspersed Nuclear Elements (SINEs) in Angiosperm and Gymnosperm Species and their Application as molecular Markers for Genotyping

Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) are small non-autonomous and heterogeneous retrotransposons, widespread in animals and plants and usually differentially propagated in related species resulting in genome-specific copy numbers. Within the monocots, the Poaceae (sweet grasses) is the largest and economically most important plant family. The distribution of 24 Poaceae SINE (PoaS) families, five of which showing a subfamily structure, was analyzed in five important cereals (Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Sorghum bicolor, Zea mays), the energy crop Panicum virgatum and the model grass Brachypodium distachyon. The comparative investigation of SINE abundance and sequence diversity within Poaceae species provides insights into their species‐specific diversification and amplification. The PoaS families and subfamilies fall into two length and structural categories: simple SINEs of up to 180 bp and dimeric SINEs larger than 240 bp. Of 24 PoaS families, 20 are structurally related across species, in particular either in their 5′ or 3′ regions. Hence, reshuffling between SINEs, likely caused by nested insertions of full-lengh and truncated copies, is an important evolutionary mechanism of SINE formation. Most striking, the recently evolved homodimeric SINE family PoaS‐XIV occurs exclusively in wheat (T. aestivum) and consists of two tandemly arranged PoaS‐X.1 copies. Exemplary for deciduous tree species, the evolutionary history of SINE populations was examined in six Salicaceae genomes (Populus deltoides, Populus euphratica, Populus tremula, Populus tremuloides, Populus trichocarpa, Salix purpurea). Four of eleven Salicaceae SINE (SaliS) families exhibit a subfamily organization. The SaliS families consist of two groups, differing in their phylogenetic distribution pattern, sequence similarity and 3’ end structure. These groups probably emerged at different evolutionary periods of time: during the ‘salicoid duplication’ (~ 65 million years ago) in the Salix-Populus progenitor, and during the separation of the genus Salix (~ 45 - 65 million years ago), respectively. Similar to the PoaS families, the majority of the 20 SaliS families and subfamilies share regions of sequence similarity, providing evidence for SINE emergence by reshuffling. Furthermore, they also contain an evolutionarily young dimeric SINE family (SaliS-V), amplified only in two poplar genomes. The special feature of the Salicaceae SINEs is the contrast of the conservation of 5’ start motifs across species and SINE families compared to the high variability of 3’ ends within the SINE families, differing in sequence and length, presumably resulting from mutations in the poly(A) tail as a possible route for SINE elongation. Periods of increased transpositional activity promote the dissemination of novel 3’ ends. Thereby, evolutionarily older motifs are displaced leading to various 3’ end subpopulations within the SaliS families. Opposed to the PoaS families with a largely equal ratio of poly(A) to poly(T) tail SINEs, the SaliS families are exclusively terminated by adenine stretches. Among retrotransposon-based markers, SINEs are highly suitable for the development of molecular markers due to their unidirectional insertion and random distribution mainly in euchromatic genome regions, together with an easy and fast detection of the heterogeneous SINE families. As a prerequisite for the development of SINE-derived inter-SINE amplified polymorphism (ISAP) markers, 13 novel Theaceae SINE families (TheaS-I - TheaS-VII, TheaS-VIII.1 and TheaS-VIII.2, TheaS-IX - TheaS-XIII) were identified in the angiosperm tree species Camellia japonica. Moreover, six Pinaceae SINE families (PinS-I.1 and PinS-I.2, PinS-II – PinS-VI) were detected in the gymnosperm species Larix decidua. Compared to the SaliS and PoaS families, structural relationships are less frequent within the TheaS families and absent in the PinS families. The ISAP analysis revealed the genetic identity of Europe’s oldest historical camellia (C. japonica) trees indicating their vegetative propagation from the same ancestor specimen, which was probably the first living camellia on European ground introduced to England within the 18th century. Historical sources locate the native origin of this ancestral camellia specimen either in the Chinese province Yunnan or at the Japanese Gotō Islands. Comparative ISAPs showed no accordance to the Gotō camellia sample pool and appropriate Chinese reference samples were not available. However, the initial experiments demonstrated the potential of ISAP to resolve variations among natural populations. The ISAP application on angiosperm trees also concerned fast growing Populus clones grown in short rotation coppice plantations for energy production. The species-specific P. tremula ISAP primers might also be applied for the discrimination of hybrid poplar clones involving P. tremuloides genome portions, since SINEs of these two species are highly related. However, due to lineage-specific SINE evolution during speciation, cross-species applications are generally only successful to limited extent. The analysis of poplar hybrids composed of P. maximowiczii with either P. trichocarpa or P. nigra based on P. tremula ISAP primers showed a strongly reduced resolution. In forestry, hybrid larch (e.g. Larix × eurolepis) genotypes have to be selected from the offspring of Japanese (Larix kaempferi) and European larch (Larix decidua) crosses, as they exhibit superior growth rates compared to the parental species. Initial ISAP-based examinations of European larch genotypes provided less polymorphic banding patterns, probably resulting from general high levels of synteny and collinearities reported for gymnosperm species. Hence, the ISAP was combined with the AFLP technique to the novel marker system inter-SINE-restriction site amplified polymorphism (ISRAP). The amplicons originating from genomic regions between SINEs and EcoRI cleavage sites were visualized with the sensitive capillary gel electrophoresis. The ISRAP assays, based on EcoRI adapter primers combined with two different SINE-derived primers, resulted in a sufficient number of polymorphic peaks to distinguish the L. decidua genotypes investigated. Compared to ISAPs, the ISRAP approach provides the required resolution to differentiate highly similar larch genotypes