Collaboration and competition in groups of humans and robots: effects on socioemotional and task-oriented behaviors

Advancements in technology have allowed the emergence of novel forms of social interaction. More specifically, in the last decades, the emergence of social robots has triggered a multidisciplinary effort towards achieving a better understanding of how humans and robots interact. In this dissertation, our goal was to contribute towards that effort by considering the role of goal orientation displayed by the robot (i.e. competitive vs. cooperative) and the role displayed by each player (partners and opponents). Sixty participants engaged in a typical Portuguese card-game called Sueca (two robots and two humans). Each participant played three games with each of the other players and the goal orientation was manipulated by the set of pre-validated verbal utterances displayed by the robot. The interactions were video-recorded, and we used a coding scheme based on Bales Interaction Process Analysis (1950) for small groups to analyze socioemotional positive, negative and task-oriented behaviors. A MultiLevel Modelling analysis yielded a significant effect of the role for all dimensions. Participants directed more socioemotional positive and task-oriented behaviors towards the human playing as a partner than as opponent and also interacted more with the other human in comparison to both robots. Comparing both robots, participants displayed more positive and task-oriented behaviors when interacting with robots as opponents than as partners. These results suggest the occurrence of different behavioral patterns in competitive and collaborative interactions with robots, that might be useful to inform the future development of more socially effective robots.O desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias tem proporcionado a emergência de novas formas de interação social. Mais especificamente, nas últimas décadas, o desenvolvimento de robôs sociais tem despoletado um esforço interdisciplinar orientado para o estabelecimento de uma melhor compreensão acerca da forma como pessoas e robôs interagem. Com esta dissertação, pretendemos contribuir para esse esforço considerando o efeito da orientação estratégica exibida pelo robô (i.e. competitivo vs. colaborativo) e o efeito do papel assumido pelos jogadores (parceiro ou oponente). Sessenta participantes jogaram à Sueca (dois robôs e dois humanos). Cada participante jogou três jogos em parceria com cada um dos outros jogadores e a orientação estratégica foi manipulada através do conjunto pré-validado de interações verbais exibido pelos robôs. As interações foram filmadas e analisadas usando o guião de análise sugerido por Bales (1950) que inclui interações socioemocionais negativas, positivas e relacionadas com a tarefa. Uma análise Multi-nível dos resultados revelou um efeito principal do papel para todas as dimensões. Os participantes dirigiram mais comportamentos positivos e relacionados com a tarefa para os humanos no papel de parceiros do que oponentes e interagiram mais frequentemente com o humano do que com os robôs. Os participantes também direcionaram mais interações positivas e relacionadas com a tarefa para os robôs quando estes assumiram o papel de oponentes, em comparação com quando jogaram como parceiros. Estes resultados sugerem a ocorrência de diferentes padrões comportamentais quando interagindo com robôs competitivos e colaborativos que poderão ser úteis para informar o desenvolvimento de robôs mais socialmente eficazes

Advances in Human-Robot Interaction

Rapid advances in the field of robotics have made it possible to use robots not just in industrial automation but also in entertainment, rehabilitation, and home service. Since robots will likely affect many aspects of human existence, fundamental questions of human-robot interaction must be formulated and, if at all possible, resolved. Some of these questions are addressed in this collection of papers by leading HRI researchers

Integrative Modeling of Emotions in Virtual Agents

Treur, J. [Promotor]Bosse, T. [Copromotor]Hoorn, J.F. [Copromotor

New Technology in Education as Viewed through the Utopic and Dystopic Worlds of Science Fiction

The use of educational technology has become a focus of reform efforts designed to enrich student learning. Proponents of technology view it as the panacea of education while others ask us to question this myth-information. Throughout America, school districts are designating millions of dollars for technology. Nevertheless, while there are schools with desirable infrastructures, too many schools are ill equipped for enhancing learning through technology. In addition, many classrooms house computers used to merely advance traditional teaching modes, e.g., drill and practice, rather than teach the importance of social responsibility for humankind and the environment through our use of technology. This study is designed to analyze the reasons for the continued existence of challenges to the integration of educational technologies through the lens of science fiction literature and film. Metaphorically, participants link science fiction plots and characters to their orientations to technology, to present experiences with technology in the field of education, to their future expectations of technological advancements, and to the need to reconceptualize our understanding of technology as a mere tool. It is this association with the worlds of science fiction that provides educators and policy makers with an understanding of ourselves in relation to others and technology. Research into teachers\u27 attitude towards technology integration can provide relevant information regarding solutions to the persistent challenges facing the adoption of technology in education. Participants\u27 personal stories and their metaphorical analysis of science fiction indicate that educators\u27 orientation to technology, self-efficacy, perceptions of technology, technology resources, and training and support are predictors of technology integration. In addition, educators\u27 involvement in the planning stages of technology programs and their accountability for high-stakes testing are also significant factors. Conclusions derived from the findings suggest that those involved in technology reform efforts in education need to address educators\u27 concerns for inclusion in the design, development, and implementation of plans for the integration of technology in classroom instruction

Technological domination and the future of workers in the labour market in the face of automation: a study of the automobile sector in South Africa

This exploratory work investigated the principal aim of this study: the rate of technological domination in South Africa and the future of workers in the labour market in the face of automation. It also explored collaborative experiences between technology and human workers and how employees in the automobile sector compete with technologies in their work environment. The future-readiness of workers in this automation age and union influence with regards to technology adoption in the world of work were also examined. The study utilized a qualitative research method with in-depth interviews of data collection with 30 respondents consisting of two managers and five auto plant workers from Mercedes Benz; two shop stewards from Toyota Motors; two union representatives and nineteen workers working in the auto plant in Volkswagen South Africa (VWSA). A desktop data collection process was also employed in this study. Evolutionary Economics Theory, Labour Process Theory and Corporate Social Responsibility drove the whole analysis to explain the technological outcome in the workplace. The central argument of this study is that robots and human employees must each efficiently interface where they can best be put to good use. However, in an attempt to minimise product imperfection due to human inconsistencies and to increase productivity, the automobile industry has adopted more technologies to meet the needs of its customers and remained competitive. Nonetheless, the rate at which the technologies are adopted has increased the rate of job automation in the automobile sector and has also led to the deskilling of the auto workforce. Additionally, technology is outcompeting human workers because it has changed and evolved more rapidly than workers. The study argues that despite that automation increases productivity, it is a threat to low skilled workers in the sense that workers might end up underemployed or unemployed although highly skilled workers might be further upskilled. The findings further revealed that the workers are not ready for this change. Another revelation is that there is a unilateral workplace restructuring decision making, which neglects the input of workers and their union with regards to how work should be restructured. The findings call for sustainable corporate responsible management. The largest adopter of industrial robots in manufacturing processes is the automobile sector since global competition in the labour market commands uninterrupted modernisation and automation of production processes in the automobile industry. Each production process is not imaginable without automation today. In the quest to transform the workplace, improve iv productivity, the economy and develop communities with technological adoption, it is imperative to consider the short and long-term sustainable socio-economic development for all. It is argued that almost all sectors and working classes are vulnerable to automation. KozulWright (2016) during the United Nation’s Conference on Trade and Development concurs with other scholars that job disruption from automation affect routine tasks and its negative impact is much in the developing countries. It was recommended that a professional qualification should be incorporated with an academic qualification that aligns with technical and non-technical unautomable skills. Transparency and accountability are a must on the part of all the stakeholders involved in the automobile industry, particularly from management, to make a more sustainable economic decision that will benefit the development of workers. It is equally important for organisations, policymakers, workers, union and societies to develop feasible strategies to manage added concerns of job automation such as polarisation in the societies, the workforce and which may create societal breakdowns and conflicts. At the same time, as these machines will evolve in decades to come, we should expect to see a drastic transformation in workforce development. This study contributes to satisfactory ways to facilitate job automation transition to counteract any negative outcome with reference to those workers who might be affected by the changes in order to achieve a better society

Soldier and Robot Interaction in Combat Environments

The purpose of this research was to examine the dynamics that form when humans and robots work together in a high-stress combat environment, and compare and contrast these bonds to human-to-human bonds that are formed under the same conditions. Based on the somewhat limited literature that demonstrated human-to-robot emotional bonding among a civilian population and anecdotal press reporting of soldiers bonding with their robots under combat conditions, the author hypothesized that not only would soldier-to-robot bonding occur, but that it would be exacerbated under combat conditions. To test this hypothesis, the author surveyed several hundred robot users in the military (primarily Army) community. The results of the survey demonstrated that soldiers showed little to no proclivity to bond with their robots under any conditions. Although some expressed fondness for working with robots, they recognized the current limitations of the tele-operated robots in use today and pragmatically viewed their robots as life-saving instruments, and in most cases would not hesitate to allow the robot to be destroyed if it meant saving the lives of other military service men or women. The majority of respondents viewed robots as tools that would absolutely save lives as their future usage increased and most were very supportive of increased use. The study includes a chapter on the ethical implications of robotics in combat as well as a chapter on the political, military, and business cases for increased military application of robots. The results have implications for future Army leadership training for both human and robot soldiers, as the trend towards a larger role for autonomous or semi-autonomous machines to do the Army's dull, dirty, and dangerous jobs is likely irreversible