144 research outputs found
Estimation of sex from scapulae measurements in a Western Australian population
Identifying the sex of unknown individual remains is the first task an anthropologist undertakes towards creating a biological profile. Most bones within the human skeleton have been analysed and determined to be sexually dimorphic. As such, forensic anthropometric standards have been developed in order to aid investigators in the estimation of sex of an individual. The issue investigators have is the lack of population-specific standards available across geographically diverse populations. Similarly, there is a lack of population-specific knowledge pertaining to bones not usually examined in an investigation. This review analyses and critiques the knowledge associated to the estimation of sex using the scapula. It was determined that the scapula is a highly dimorphic bone with many populations having developed population-specific standards in order to aid investigators. In turn, the literature has determined that the use of Computer Tomographic (CT) scans in lieu of physical specimens is a reliable and accurate substitute for populations relying primarily on the use of digital skeletal depositories to store data. In conjunction, it has been determined that despite the scapula exhibiting small bilateral variations within an individual, pertaining to the estimation of sex the differences are negligible. As such, either the left or right scapulae can be analysed in order to derive forensic anthropometric standards. Specifically, this review will analyse the data pertaining to the estimation of sex in a Western Australian population, and the gaps in the knowledge regarding the scapula will be discussed
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF SCAPULA BY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE MALAYSIAN POPULATION
Objective: Sex estimation is one of the crucial steps for human identification, which is evident in cases of commingled, eroded, and/or missing remains. When pelvis or skull are unavailable, scapula has been used as an alternative bone for determining sex. Besides, the scapula was shown to be population-specific in several studies. Limited dry bone collections in Malaysia have led to various recommendations of virtual anthropology studies of bone in human identification. The aims of this study were to investigate the sexual dimorphism of the scapula using three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) imaging and to generate population-specific equations for sex determination in the Malaysian population.Methods: A total of 66 CT thorax images of 33 males and 33 females were taken. Morphological breadth (MB) and morphological length (ML) on bilateral scapulae were measured on 3D CT reconstructed images. Independent t-test and discriminant function analysis (DFA) were performed for analysis.Results: Results revealed that both parameters showed sexual dimorphism of scapula but displayed no difference between the right and left scapulae. DFA showed that MB and ML had high accuracy for sex estimation. The equations were highly accurate when both parameters were used in combination, followed by MB only and ML only, in that sequence.Conclusion: In brief, scapula measurements may be useful for forensic assessment of sex in the Malaysian population
Association of two craniometric methods for sexual prediction in cone-beam computed tomography Scans
Orientador: Solange Maria de Almeida BoscoloTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de PiracicabaResumo: Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a predição sexual (PS) em dois métodos craniométricos por meio de Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico (TCFC) em uma população neerlandesa; construir uma fórmula para predição sexual em cada um dos métodos e também construir outra fórmula associando os métodos e por fim avaliar a acurácia da predição sexual em cada um dos métodos craniométricos na população neerlandesa. Para isso, foram selecionadas 160 imagens de TCFC de indivíduos neerlandeses (80 homens e 80 mulheres) subdivididos em 4 grupos etários: (20-30, 31-40, 41-50 e 51-60 anos), sendo cada um dos grupos composto por 20 homens e 20 mulheres. Uma segunda amostra com 85 pacientes (42 homens e 43 mulheres) foi selecionada para posterior validação das fórmulas construídas. As imagens foram analisadas por 2 avaliadores, que realizaram 7 mensurações no primeiro método (seio maxilar (SM)) e 9 mensurações no segundo método (canal mandibular (CM) e forames, mandibular (FMa) e mentual (FMe). Após quinze dias, as mensurações foram repetidas com 25 % da amostra. Com relação à análise estatística, foi aplicada a Correlação Intraclasse na avaliação intra e interobservador, Análise de Variância, visando comparação entre os valores médios de todas as mensurações em relação aos sexos e regressão logística (RL) com o intuito da construção de fórmulas para PS em cada método. Todas as mensurações nos homens foram superiores em relação às das mulheres. Na análise da RL, as variáveis com maior índice de PS no primeiro método foram: altura média dos SMs e comprimento médio dos SMs com uma acurácia de 75%, no segundo método foram selecionadas as variáveis, distância do FMa até a parte mais posterior do ramo mandibular, distância do FMe até a parte mais superior do rebordo alveolar, a distância do CM até a porção vestibular da cortical alveolar e a distância entre o assoalho do CM até a base da mandíbula com uma acurácia de 71,9 % e por fim associando os métodos foram selecionadas as variáveis: altura média do SM, comprimento do SM direito, distância do FMa até a parte mais anterior do ramo mandibular e distância do FMa até a parte mais posterior do ramo mandibular com uma acurácia de 78,5. Desta forma, é possível concluir que houve diferença significativa entre os sexos entre todas as mensurações, além disso os valores da acurácia encontrados para cada um dos métodos foram: primeiro método (75%), segundo método (71,9%) e associando os métodos, a acurácia aumentou para 78,5%. Assim, as fórmulas construídas no presente estudo podem ser aplicadas para PS como um método auxiliar para identificação humana na população neerlandesaAbstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy for sexual prediction (SP) in two craniometrics methods using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) in a Dutch population as well as constructed formulas in each craniometrics methods and in addition to associate both with the purpose of increasing accuracy in PS. For this, a sample of 160 CBCT images was selected, of individuals of the Dutch population (80 males and 80 females) divided into 4 age groups: (20-30, 31-40, 41-50 and 51-60 years), each groups with 20 males and 20 females. A second sample of 85 patients (43 female and 42 male) was selected for further validation of the constructed formulas. The images were analyzed by two observers using seven measurements in the first method (maxillary sinus (MS)) and nine measurements in the second method (mandibular canal (MC)) and mandibular and mental foramen. After fifteen days, the measurements were repeated for 25% of the sample. An intraclass correlation coefficient was applied to analysis of intraobserver reliability, an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for comparisons between the average values of all measurements in relation to sex and also a logistic regression (LR) with the objective of constructing formulas for SP in each craniometric method. The ANOVA test showed that all measurements in males were superior to females and that there was statistically significant difference between the sexes. In the analysis of LR, the results of first method have showed two variables with greater SP value, that are: average height of the MS and average length of the MS with an accuracy of 75%, in the second method the variables are: distance from the MaF to the most posterior part of the ramus, distance from the MeF to the top of the alveolar ridge, distance from the canal to the mandibular alveolar ridge (buccal) and distance from the bottom of the MC, with an accuracy of 71.9% and, subsequently, associating the methods can find the selection of variables: MS Average height, right MS length, distance from the MaF to the most anterior part of the ramus and distance from the MaF to the most posterior part of the ramus, with an accuracy for SP of 78.5%. Thus, it is possible to conclude that there was a statistically significant difference between the sexes for all measurements and also that the values of accuracy found for each method are: first method (75%), second method (71.9%) and associating methods the accuracy in SP increased to 78.5%. Thus, the formulas developed in this study can be applied for SP as a complementary method for human identification in Dutch populationDoutoradoRadiologia OdontologicaDoutor em Radiologia Odontológica99999.010890/2014-09CAPE
Skeletal sexing standards of human remains in Turkey
The identification of victims involved in mass fatality incidents, as well as the identification of unknown individuals in criminal cases has become an increasingly important issue nowadays. Sex assessment represents a key point in forensic evaluations due to its significance in providing biological identity. Even though the availability of documented skeletal remains to forensic practitioners is a common practice in many countries, in Turkey, contemporary documented skeletal remains are not available for this purpose. For this reason, studies have been focused on living populations. Previous research has shown that modern technologies such as CT scanning present very promising potential in establishing new standards for contemporary populations. Therefore, the main aim of this project was to examine the application of the measurements taken from 3D CT images of the femur in order to assess sex, and to contribute to the establishment of discriminant function equations for the Turkish population for forensic applications.
The accuracy and reproducibility of imaging methods in the assessment of the measurements taken from femora are essential when estimating sex. This research also concentrated on determining the accuracy and repeatability of CT measurements, using the femur. Prior to primary data collection, a preliminary study was performed in an effort to test the reliability of the femur measurements. The results of reliability analysis indicated no significant difference between the three observations of each measurement. Thus, the methodology employed in the current study appears reliable and reproducible. In addition, a validation study was conducted to determine the linear measurement accuracy of the 3D volume rendering models derived from a medical CT scanner and the influence of different reconstruction parameters. The differences between measurements obtained from dry bones and their 3D volume rendered models were also evaluated. The results from this study indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between measurements taken from different reconstruction parameters and measurements obtained from CT images and drybones. Using the CT data, volume-rendering function (VR), 3D Curved Multiplanar reconstruction (MPR), and Scout View on OsiriX were employed in order to compare the accuracy and reliability of each rendering method and to determine which technique is optimal for linear measurements. Overall, the measurements taken from the 3D Volume Rendering images had the highest intra-observer reliability when compared to the other two rendering methods.
This research study produced data and interpretations that will inform on and improve population specific standards of sex assessment from three-dimensional postcranial osteometric landmarks. Additionally, this research is believed to provide value for a developing discipline of forensic anthropology, and integrate within the existing systems of criminal investigation and disaster victim identification practices in Turkey. A Turkish sample population, consisting of 300 adult hospital patients was examined via the interpretation of CT reconstructed images using the OsiriX software. The 3D reconstructions were then created using the volume-rendering function in OsiriX (v.5.6.). Following the 3D reconstruction, an image of each femur was segmented from the surrounding bones to ensure the correct usage of landmarks as accurately as possible. Thirteen measurements were acquired using a 3D viewer after being located and marked on each CT reconstructed femora.
These thirteen anthropometric parameters were measured and analysed by basic descriptive statistics and discriminant analysis methods using the SPSS 21.0 software package. The intra-observer variation was assessed by obtaining the intraclass correlation coefficient in order to evaluate the accuracy of the linear measurements taken. Asymmetry was also tested. The results indicated that an accuracy of 92.3% was acquired from a combination of six of the measurements, and the Femur Vertical Diameter of Neck (FVDN) measurement was found to be the most dimorphic with 88.0% accuracy
Shoulder morphofunctional adaptations on overhead-throwing athletes : implications for physiotherapy throwing-shoulder examination.
Doutoramento em Motricidade Humana, especialidade de Ciências da Fisioterapia.The overhead throwing motion is a highly skilled movement, particularly demanding to the shoulder due to high strength levels and/or acceleration applied to the hand and by the elevated degree of control and precision required to position the arm in space. The shoulders of those involved in repeated forceful overhead throwing, the overhead-throwing athletes, undergo a range of neural, soft tissues and skeletal adaptations that could be described as, the “overhead-throwing shoulder adaptive pattern” (OTSAP). The main goal of overall studies in this thesis was to characterize the dominant overhead-throwing shoulder adaptive pattern of non-symptomatic overhead throwing athletes, comparing with a non-athletic population. Additionally, while comparing volleyball and team-handball players, we looked for specific sport-related components of the OTSAP. Knowledge on OTSAP is important for those involved on training, but also for sport physiotherapist during shoulder functional assessment. Some components of the OTSAP could be mistaken by injury signs or risk factors. Structural (osseous) and functional changes were identified on the dominant shoulder of volleyball and team-handball players. Some were similar of those described in baseball players, and others were sport-related. Thus, the OTSAP should be considered by the physiotherapist during overhead-throwing shoulder assessment.
RESUMO:O movimento de lançamento é altamente especializado e particularmente exigente para o ombro devido aos excessivos níveis de carga/aceleração aplicados. Atletas cujos ombros estão envolvidos em movimentos repetidos de lançamento, consideram-se, na literatura anglo-saxónica, atletas “overhead”. Estes são sujeitos a um conjunto de adaptações neurais, tecidulares e ósseas que podem ser descritas como, o “padrão de adaptação do ombro do atleta overhead” (PAOAO). O principal objetivo da tese foi caracterizar o padrão de adaptação do ombro dominante, não sintomático, dos atletas “overhead”, comparando-os com não atletas. Adicionalmente, comparando voleibolistas e andebolistas, procurou-se encontrar componentes específicos da modalidade praticada inerentes ao PAOAO. O conhecimento detalhado deste PAOAO é crucial para os intervenientes em processos de treino, e para o fisioterapeuta responsável por uma avaliação detalhada do ombro, sob pena de alguns dos componentes do PAOAO serem erroneamente considerados como sinais de lesão ou fatores de risco. Foram identificadas alterações estruturais e funcionais no ombro dominante de voleibolistas e andebolistas. Algumas são similares às encontradas em jogadores de beisebol, enquanto outras estão diretamente relacionadas com a prática desportiva específica. Assim, este PAOAO deverá ser tido em consideração pelo fisioterapeuta aquando da avaliação do ombro do atleta “overhead”.FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologi
Dental metric standards for sex estimation in archaeological populations from Iran
Sex estimation of skeletal remains is one of the major components of forensic
identification of unknown individuals. Teeth are a potential source of information on
sex and are often recovered in archaeological or forensic contexts due to their post-mortem
longevity. Currently there is limited data on dental sexual dimorphism of
archaeological populations from Iran. This dissertation represents the first study to
provide a dental sex estimation method for Iron Age populations.
The current study was conducted on the skeletal remains of 143 adults from two Iron
Age populations in close temporal and geographic proximity in the Solduz Valley
(West Azerbaijan Province of Iran). 2D and 3D cervical mesiodistal and buccolingual
and root volume measurements of maxillary and mandibular teeth were used to
investigate the degree of sexual dimorphism in permanent dentition and to assess their
applicability in sex estimation. In total 1327, 457, and 480 anterior and posterior teeth
were used to collect 2D cervical, 3D cervical, and root volume measurements
respectively. 2D cervical measurements were taken using Hillson-Fitzgerald dental
calliper and 3D measurements were collected using CT images provided by Open
Research Scan Archive (ORSA) - Penn Museum. 3D models of the teeth were created
using manual segmentation in the Amira 6.01 software package. Since tooth density
largely differs from crown to apex, root segmentation required two threshold levels:
the segmentation of the root from the jaw and the segmentation of the crown from the
root. Thresholds used for root segmentation were calculated using the half maximum
height protocol of Spoor et al. (1993) for each skull, and thresholds used for crown
segmentation were set visually for each tooth separately. Data was analysed using
discriminant function analysis and posterior probabilities were calculated for all
produced formulae where sex was previously assessed from morphological features of
pelvis and skull. Bootstrapping was used to account for small sample sizes in the
analysis. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 23. The percentage of sexual
dimorphism was also used to quantify the amount of sexual dimorphism in the sample.
The results showed that incisors and canines were the most sexually dimorphic teeth,
providing percentages of correct sex classification between 80% and 100% depending
on the measurement used. Root volume measurement was shown to be the most
sexually dimorphic variable providing an accuracy of over 90% in all functions.
The present study provided the first dental metric standards for sex estimation using
odontometric data in Iranian archaeological populations. Dental measurements,
particularly root volume measurements, were found to be of value for sex assessment
and the method presented here could be a useful tool for establishing accurate
demographic data from skeletal remains of the Iron Age from Iran
Kinanthropometry IX
This is an edited collection of peer-reviewed papers presented at the Ninth International Conference of the Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Defined as the relationship between human body structure and function, kinanthropometry is an area of growing interest, and these proceedings will be of use to students, academics and professionals in the areas of ergonomics, sports science, nutrition, health, and other allied fields. The assembled works represent the latest research findings across kinanthropometry, moving the discipline forward and promoting good practice and the exchange of expertise
Kinanthropometry IX
This is an edited collection of peer-reviewed papers presented at the Ninth International Conference of the Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Defined as the relationship between human body structure and function, kinanthropometry is an area of growing interest, and these proceedings will be of use to students, academics and professionals in the areas of ergonomics, sports science, nutrition, health, and other allied fields. The assembled works represent the latest research findings across kinanthropometry, moving the discipline forward and promoting good practice and the exchange of expertise
Design and Development Towards a Novel Prosthesis for Total Shoulder Arthroplasty to Reduce Aseptic Glenoid Loosening
Total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) is the most common surgical solution, that helps in restoring the structural and functional integrity of a diseased glenohumeral (GH) joint with intact rotator-cuff. A 300% increase in the usage of TSA has been observed since 2007, along with 2.5% increase in revision rate. Aseptic glenoid loosening accounts for 37% of postsurgical failures in TSA. Eccentric loading of the prosthetic glenoid cup, leading to the “rocking horse” effect, is one of the prevalent causes of aseptic glenoid loosening. Current anatomical total shoulder prosthesis (ATSP) geometry does not consider all the GH morphometric features, for example the elliptical shape of the humeral head. Moreover, the morphometric studies leading to the initial ATSP design did not consider the GH morphology of any sub-Saharan population. Hence, there exists a gap in understanding of the implications of certain morphometric features on the functionality of a post-TSA GH joint. This thesis had two primary aims to address this gap in knowledge. Firstly, to study the GH morphometric variations between cohorts representing native European (Swiss) and native sub-Saharan (South African) populations. Secondly, to develop anatomically inspired ATSP design concepts and test them using biomechanical and finite element (FE) models, insilico, under standardised testing protocols. The morphometric analysis suggested that an average Swiss humeral head radius of curvature was larger (P28mm or <19mm. Considering both the populations, the inherent shape of an average humeral head was found to be elliptical. The thickest region of the head was found to lie in the posterior region and not at the geometric center. Hertzian contact theory was applied to calculate the GH stresses produced by symmetric and asymmetric elliptical heads. Higher concentric stresses (P<0.001), within the acceptable limit for polyethylene, were observed to be imparted by the asymmetric heads. Population-specific musculoskeletal models were developed to study the post-TSA kinematic variation. When an identical range of motion (RoM) was performed by these models, population-specific variation in muscle moment arms was observed. The novel glenoid designs were not found to alter the post-surgical kinematics. FE models of the biradial, compartmental and pear-shaped glenoid implant designs were subjected to compressive and shear loading according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Using the bi-radial the glenoid cup, with thickened posterior-superior surface, anatomically relevant force distribution patterns could be replicated. Compartmentalising the glenoid prosthesis into concentric and eccentric regions with the gaps, proved to be highly beneficial. When compared to a commercially available glenoid prosthesis, the compartmental prosthesis was able to contain the GH forces to the concentric region for longer, delaying the eccentric loading and therefore potentially reducing the “rocking horse” effect. In the light of the above observations, two conclusions can be drawn from this thesis. Firstly, it would be beneficial if population-specific ATSP were made available for natives of certain geographic locations. Secondly, glenoid prosthesis designs could be compartmentalised to contain the GH joint forces within the concentric regions of the cup which might aid in the reduction of post-TSA complications
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