ВЕЙВЛЕТ ПЕРЕТВОРЕННЯ ATEB-ГАБОР ФІЛЬТРАЦІЇ У БІОМЕТРИЧНИХ ЗОБРАЖЕННЯХ

Biometric images were pre-processed and filtered in two ways, by wavelet- Gabor and wavelet  Ateb-gabor filtration. Ateb-based Gabor filter is effective for filtration because it contains generalizations of trigonometric functions. The wavelet transform of Ateb-Gabor function was developed. The function dependence on seven parameters was shown, each of them significantly changes the filtering results of biometric images. The Ateb-Gabor wavelet research was performed. Graphic dependencies of the wavelet Gabor filter and the wavelet Ateb-Gabor filter were constructed. The appliance of wavelet transform makes it possible to reduce the complexity of calculating an Ateb-Gabor filter by simplifying function calculations and reducing filtering time. The complexities of algorithms for calculating the wavelet Gabor filter and the wavelet Ateb-Gabor filter have been evaluated. Ateb-Gabor filtration allows you to adjust the intensity of the entire image, and to change certain ranges, thereby changing certain areas of the image. Biometric images should have this property, on which the minucius should be contrasting and clear. Ateb functions have the property of changing two rational parameters, which will allow to make more flexible control of filtration. The properties of the Ateb function, as well as the possibility of changing the amplitude of the function, the oscillation frequency by the numerical values of the Ateb-Gabor filter, were investigated. By using the parameters of the Ateb function, you can get a much larger range of shapes and sizes, which expands the number of possible filtration options. You can also perform filtration once, taking into account the direction of the minucius and reliably determine the sharpness of the edges, rather than perform filtration many times. The reliability of results were tested using NIST Special Database 302 and good filtration results were shown. This is confirmed by the comparison experiment between the wavelet-Gabor filter and the wavelet Ateb-Gabor function based on the PSNR signal-to-noise ratio measurement.Здійснено попередню обробку біометричних зображень і проведено фільтрацію двома способами: вейвлет-Габором та вейвлет Ateb-Габором. Фільтр Габора на основі Ateb-функцій є ефективним для проведення фільтрації, оскільки містить узагальнення тригонометричних функцій. Розроблено вейвлет-перетворення Ateb-Gabor функції. Показано, що функція залежить від семи параметрів, кожен з яких вносить суттєві зміни у результати фільтрації біометричних зображень. Проведено дослідження вейвлет Ateb-Габор функції. Побудовано графічні залежності вейвлет Габор фільтра та вейвлет Ateb-Габор фільтра. Введення вейвлет перетворень дає змогу зменшити складність обчислень Ateb-Gabor фільтра, спростивши обчислення функції та зменшивши час фільтрації. Проведено оцінку складності алгоритмів обчислення  вейвлет Габор фільтра та вейвлет Ateb-Габор фільтра. Фільтрування Ateb-Габором дозволяє змінювати інтенсивність всього зображення, та забезпечити зміну певних діапазонів, і таким чином змінити певні ділянки зображення. Якраз цю властивість мають мати біометричні зображення, на яких мінуції бути контрасними і чіткими. Ateb-функції мають властивість зміни двох раціональних параметрів, а це, в свою чергу, дасть можливість гнучкіше керувати фільтрацією. Досліджено властивості Ateb-функції, а також можливості зміни амплітуди функції, частоти коливань на чисельні значення фільтра Ateb-Габора. Завдяки використанню  параметрів Ateb-функції можна отримати значно більший діапазон  форм і величин, що розширює кількість можливих варіантів фільтрації. Також можна реалізувати один раз фільтрацію, врахувавши напрям мінуцій і надійно визначити чіткість країв, а не проводити фільтрацію батократно.  Результати достовірності протестовано на базі NIST Special Database 302, та показано добрі результати фільтрації. Це підтверджено експериментом порівняння між фільтрацією вейвлет-Габором  та вейвлет Ateb-Габор функції на основі вимірювання співвідношення сигнал-шум PSNR

Fingerabdruckswachstumvorhersage, Bildvorverarbeitung und Multi-level Judgment Aggregation

Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wird Fingerwachstum untersucht und eine Methode zur Vorhersage von Wachstum wird vorgestellt. Die Effektivität dieser Methode wird mittels mehrerer Tests validiert. Vorverarbeitung von Fingerabdrucksbildern wird im zweiten Teil behandelt und neue Methoden zur Schätzung des Orientierungsfelds und der Ridge-Frequenz sowie zur Bildverbesserung werden vorgestellt: Die Line Sensor Methode zur Orientierungsfeldschätzung, gebogene Regionen zur Ridge-Frequenz-Schätzung und gebogene Gabor Filter zur Bildverbesserung. Multi-level Jugdment Aggregation wird eingeführt als Design Prinzip zur Kombination mehrerer Methoden auf mehreren Verarbeitungsstufen. Schließlich wird Score Neubewertung vorgestellt, um Informationen aus der Vorverarbeitung mit in die Score Bildung einzubeziehen. Anhand eines Anwendungsbeispiels wird die Wirksamkeit dieses Ansatzes auf den verfügbaren FVC-Datenbanken gezeigt.Finger growth is studied in the first part of the thesis and a method for growth prediction is presented. The effectiveness of the method is validated in several tests. Fingerprint image preprocessing is discussed in the second part and novel methods for orientation field estimation, ridge frequency estimation and image enhancement are proposed: the line sensor method for orientation estimation provides more robustness to noise than state of the art methods. Curved regions are proposed for improving the ridge frequency estimation and curved Gabor filters for image enhancement. The notion of multi-level judgment aggregation is introduced as a design principle for combining different methods at all levels of fingerprint image processing. Lastly, score revaluation is proposed for incorporating information obtained during preprocessing into the score, and thus amending the quality of the similarity measure at the final stage. A sample application combines all proposed methods of the second part and demonstrates the validity of the approach by achieving massive verification performance improvements in comparison to state of the art software on all available databases of the fingerprint verification competitions (FVC)

РОЗРОБЛЕННЯ МЕТОДУ МАШИННОГО НАВЧАННЯ ПРИ БІОМЕТРИЧНОМУ ЗАХИСТІ ІЗ НОВИМИ МЕТОДАМИ ФІЛЬТРАЦІЇ

Biometric images were processed and filtered by a newly developed Ateb-Gabor wavelet filter. Identification of biometric images was performed by machine learning methods. The Gabor filter based on Ateb functions is effective for filtering because it contains generalizations of trigonometric functions. Developed wavelet transform of Ateb-Gabor function. It is shown that the function depends on seven parameters, each of which makes significant changes in the results of filtering biometric images. A study of the wavelet Ateb-Gabor function was performed. The graphical dependences of the Gabor filter wavelet and the Ateb-Gabor filter wavelet are constructed. The introduction of wavelet transforms reduces the complexity of Ateb-Gabor filter calculations by simplifying function calculations and reducing filtering time. The complexity of the algorithms for calculating the Gabor filter wavelet and the Ateb-Gabor filter wavelet is evaluated. Ateb-Gabor filtering allows you to change the intensity of the entire image, and to change certain ranges, and thus change certain areas of the image. It is this property that biometric images should have, in which the minions should be contrasting and clear. Ateb functions have the ability to change two rational parameters, which, in turn, will allow more flexible control of filtering. The properties of the Ateb function are investigated, as well as the possibility of changing the amplitude of the function, the oscillation frequency to the numerical values ​​of the Ateb-Gabor filter. By using the parameters of the Ateb function, you can get a much wider range of shapes and sizes, which expands the number of possible filtering options. You can also implement once filtering, taking into account the direction of the minutes and reliably determine the sharpness of the edges, rather than filtering batocrates. The reliability results were tested on the basis of NIST Special Database 302, and good filtration results were shown. This was confirmed by a comparison experiment between the Wavelet-Gabor filtering and the Ateb-Gabor wavelet function based on the measurement of the PSNR signal-to-noise ratio.Здійснено обробку біометричних зображень і проведено фільтрацію новим розробленим фільтром вейвлет Ateb-Габора. Ідентифікацію біометричних зображень проведено методами машинного навчання. Фільтр Габора на основі Ateb-функцій є ефективним для проведення фільтрації, оскільки містить узагальнення тригонометричних функцій. Розроблено вейвлет-перетворення Ateb-Gabor функції. Показано, що функція залежить від семи параметрів, кожен з яких вносить суттєві зміни у результати фільтрації біометричних зображень. Проведено дослідження вейвлет Ateb-Габор функції. Побудовано графічні залежності вейвлет Габор фільтра та вейвлет Ateb-Габор фільтра. Введення вейвлет перетворень дає змогу зменшити складність обчислень Ateb-Gabor фільтра, спростивши обчислення функції та зменшивши час фільтрації. Проведено оцінку складності алгоритмів обчислення  вейвлет Габор фільтра та вейвлет Ateb-Габор фільтра. Фільтрування Ateb-Габором дозволяє змінювати інтенсивність всього зображення, та забезпечити зміну певних діапазонів, і таким чином змінити певні ділянки зображення. Якраз цю властивість мають мати біометричні зображення, на яких мінуції бути контрасними і чіткими. Ateb-функції мають властивість зміни двох раціональних параметрів, а це, в свою чергу, дасть можливість гнучкіше керувати фільтрацією. Досліджено властивості Ateb-функції, а також можливості зміни амплітуди функції, частоти коливань на чисельні значення фільтра Ateb-Габора. Завдяки використанню  параметрів Ateb-функції можна отримати значно більший діапазон  форм і величин, що розширює кількість можливих варіантів фільтрації. Також можна реалізувати один раз фільтрацію, врахувавши напрям мінуцій і надійно визначити чіткість країв, а не проводити фільтрацію батократно.  Результати достовірності протестовано на базі NIST Special Database 302, та показано добрі результати фільтрації. Це підтверджено експериментом порівняння між фільтрацією вейвлет-Габором  та вейвлет Ateb-Габор функції на основі вимірювання співвідношення сигнал-шум PSNR

Invariance of visual operations at the level of receptive fields

Receptive field profiles registered by cell recordings have shown that mammalian vision has developed receptive fields tuned to different sizes and orientations in the image domain as well as to different image velocities in space-time. This article presents a theoretical model by which families of idealized receptive field profiles can be derived mathematically from a small set of basic assumptions that correspond to structural properties of the environment. The article also presents a theory for how basic invariance properties to variations in scale, viewing direction and relative motion can be obtained from the output of such receptive fields, using complementary selection mechanisms that operate over the output of families of receptive fields tuned to different parameters. Thereby, the theory shows how basic invariance properties of a visual system can be obtained already at the level of receptive fields, and we can explain the different shapes of receptive field profiles found in biological vision from a requirement that the visual system should be invariant to the natural types of image transformations that occur in its environment.Comment: 40 pages, 17 figure

A study on fingerprint image enhancement and minutiae extraction techniques

Existing security measures rely on knowledge-based approaches like passwords or token based approaches such as swipe cards and passports to control access to physical and virtual spaces. Though ubiquitous, such methods are not very secure. Tokens such as badges and access cards may be shared or stolen. Furthermore, they cannot differentiate between authorized user and a person having access to the tokens or passwords. Biometrics such as fingerprint, face and voice print offers means of reliable personal authentication that can address these problems and is gaining citizen and government acceptance. Fingerprints were one of the first forms of biometric authentication to be used for law enforcement and civilian applications. Reliable extraction of features from poor quality prints is the most challenging problem faced in the area of fingerprint recognition. In this thesis, we introduce a new approach for fingerprint image enhancement based on the Gabor filter have been widely used to facilitate various fingerprint applications such as fingerprint matching and fingerprint classification. Gabor filters are band pass filters that have both frequency- selective and orientation-selective properties, which means the filters can be effectively tuned to specific frequency and orientation values. The proposed analysis and enhancement algorithm simultaneously estimates several intrinsic properties of the fingerprint such as the foreground region mask, local ridge orientation and local frequency. We also objectively measure the effectiveness of the enhancement algorithm and show that it can improve the sensitivity and recognition accuracy of existing feature extraction and matching algorithms. We also present a new feature extraction algorithm is the Crossing Number (CN) concept. This method involves the use of the skeleton image where the ridge flow pattern is eightconnected. The minutiae are extracted by scanning the local neighborhood of each ridge pixel in the image using a 3x3 window. The CN value is then computed, which is defined as half the sum of the differences between pairs of adjacent pixels in the eight-neighborhood. The algorithm has several advantages over the techniques proposed in literature such as increased computational efficiency, improved localization and higher sensitivity

A new three-stage scheme for fingerprint enhancement and its impact on fingerprint recognition

In order to provide safety and security from fraudulent acts, it is necessary to use a reliable biometric identifier. Fingerprint is considered to be one of most effective biometric identifiers because of its universal characteristics. The recognition rate of identification/verification systems depends to a great extent on the quality of the fingerprint image. In a fingerprint recognition system, there are two main phases: 1) extraction of suitable features of fingerprints, and 2) fingerprint matching using those extracted features to find the correspondence and similarity between the fingerprint images. The low quality of fingerprint images provides false minutiae at the stage of feature extraction and reduces the recognition rate of minutiae-based fingerprint matching systems. Use of enhanced fingerprint images improves the recognition rate but at the expense of a substantially increased complexity. The objective of this research is to develop an efficient and cost-effective scheme for enhancing fingerprint images that can improve minutiae extraction rate as well as effectively improve the recognition rate of a minutiae-based fingerprint matching system. In the first part of this thesis, a novel low-complexity three-stage scheme for the enhancement of fingerprint images is developed. In the first stage of the scheme, a linear diffusion filter driven by an orientation field is designed to enhance the low-quality fingerprint image. The computational complexity is reduced by using a simple gradient-based method for estimating the orientation field and by using a small number of iterations. Although some of the broken ridges in the fingerprint image are partially connected after the first stage, this stage has a limitation of not being able to connect ridges broken with wide creases, and also not being able to recover ridges in the smeared regions. To overcome the shortcomings of the first stage, the fingerprint image obtained after the first-stage enhancement is passed through a compensation filter in the second stage. Although the broken ridges in the enhanced fingerprint image after the second stage are fully connected, the ridges affected by smears are only partially recovered. Hence, the output obtained from the second stage is passed through the third-stage enhancement, which has two phases: short-time Fourier transform (STFT) analysis and enhancement by an angular filter. In the first phase, a Gaussian spectral window is used in order to perform the STFT and this window helps to reduce the blocking effect in the enhanced image. In the second phase, the image obtained from the STFT is passed through an angular filter, which significantly improves the overall quality of the fingerprint image. In the second part of this thesis, the effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed enhancement scheme are examined in fingerprint feature extraction and matching for fingerprint recognition applications. For this purpose, a minutiae extraction algorithm is first applied to extract minutiae from fingerprint images and then a minutia-based matching algorithm is applied to the set of extracted minutiae using a hybrid shape and orientation descriptor in order to find similarity between a pair of fingerprints. Extensive experiments are conducted throughout this thesis using a number of challenging benchmark databases chosen from FVC2000, FVC2002 and FVC2004. Simulation results demonstrate not only the effectiveness of the proposed enhancement scheme in improving the subjective and objective qualities of fingerprint images, but also a superior minutiae extraction rate and a recognition accuracy of the fingerprint images enhanced by the proposed scheme at a reduced computational complexity

Biometric Systems

Biometric authentication has been widely used for access control and security systems over the past few years. The purpose of this book is to provide the readers with life cycle of different biometric authentication systems from their design and development to qualification and final application. The major systems discussed in this book include fingerprint identification, face recognition, iris segmentation and classification, signature verification and other miscellaneous systems which describe management policies of biometrics, reliability measures, pressure based typing and signature verification, bio-chemical systems and behavioral characteristics. In summary, this book provides the students and the researchers with different approaches to develop biometric authentication systems and at the same time includes state-of-the-art approaches in their design and development. The approaches have been thoroughly tested on standard databases and in real world applications

An Analysis of Facial Expression Recognition Techniques

In present era of technology , we need applications which could be easy to use and are user-friendly , that even people with specific disabilities use them easily. Facial Expression Recognition has vital role and challenges in communities of computer vision, pattern recognition which provide much more attention due to potential application in many areas such as human machine interaction, surveillance , robotics , driver safety, non- verbal communication, entertainment, health- care and psychology study. Facial Expression Recognition has major importance ration in face recognition for significant image applications understanding and analysis. There are many algorithms have been implemented on different static (uniform background, identical poses, similar illuminations ) and dynamic (position variation, partial occlusion orientation, varying lighting )conditions. In general way face expression recognition consist of three main steps first is face detection then feature Extraction and at last classification. In this survey paper we discussed different types of facial expression recognition techniques and various methods which is used by them and their performance measures

A Panorama on Multiscale Geometric Representations, Intertwining Spatial, Directional and Frequency Selectivity

The richness of natural images makes the quest for optimal representations in image processing and computer vision challenging. The latter observation has not prevented the design of image representations, which trade off between efficiency and complexity, while achieving accurate rendering of smooth regions as well as reproducing faithful contours and textures. The most recent ones, proposed in the past decade, share an hybrid heritage highlighting the multiscale and oriented nature of edges and patterns in images. This paper presents a panorama of the aforementioned literature on decompositions in multiscale, multi-orientation bases or dictionaries. They typically exhibit redundancy to improve sparsity in the transformed domain and sometimes its invariance with respect to simple geometric deformations (translation, rotation). Oriented multiscale dictionaries extend traditional wavelet processing and may offer rotation invariance. Highly redundant dictionaries require specific algorithms to simplify the search for an efficient (sparse) representation. We also discuss the extension of multiscale geometric decompositions to non-Euclidean domains such as the sphere or arbitrary meshed surfaces. The etymology of panorama suggests an overview, based on a choice of partially overlapping "pictures". We hope that this paper will contribute to the appreciation and apprehension of a stream of current research directions in image understanding.Comment: 65 pages, 33 figures, 303 reference

Sistema de reconhecimento de impressões digitais baseado em FPGA

Trabalho de Projeto para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia de Eletrónica e TelecomunicaçõesNo presente trabalho é proposta a implementação de um sistema embebido de reconhecimento de impressões digitais em Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Este sistema é suportado num algoritmo de extração de características baseado em textura orientada. Para otimizar o desempenho do sistema proposto, a execução dos componentes mais exigentes deste algoritmo é realizada recorrendo a hardware dedicado, especialmente desenvolvido no âmbito deste trabalho usando a linguagem Very-High-Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC) Hardware Description Language (VHDL). Na análise em software do sistema proposto é efetuada uma otimização dos parâmetros do algoritmo de extração de características para o sensor ótico adotado, obtendo-se um sistema biométrico com Equal-Error Rate (EER) de 7,18%. Após a definição dos parâmetros ótimos, o algoritmo foi descrito em linguagem C e implementado no softcore MicroBlaze. Para reduzir o impacto no desempenho do sistema do módulo de filtragem de Gabor, que consome 67,11% do tempo total da execução em software, foi desenvolvido um acelerador em hardware. A filtragem pretendida é realizada mediante uma redução da dimensão das janelas, que são separadas em filtros a uma dimensão. Durante o processo de filtragem, os dados são convertidos de vírgula flutuante para vírgula fixa. O periférico desenvolvido requer 18 blocos DSP48E1 e 22 memórias RAMB36E1 para realizar a filtragem. Para partilhar dados entre o MicroBlaze e o periférico também são utilizadas duas memórias, com 64 kB cada, ocupando no total 32 memórias RAMB36E1. Comparando o desempenho do sistema entre as soluções com e sem aceleração por hardware, verifica-se que o EER se mantém nos 7,18%. O ganho no tempo de processamento no algoritmo é de 2,72 vezes, enquanto que na filtragem de Gabor é de 731,99 vezes. Como consequência, a percentagem do tempo total de execução associado à filtragem de Gabor diminui de 67,11% para aproximadamente 2,3%.Abstract: In this work, it is proposed an implementation of an embedded system for fingerprint recognition using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices. The system is supported by a feature extraction algorithm based on oriented texture. In order to optimize the system performance, the Very-High-Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC) Hardware Description Language (VHDL) is used to develop specialized computational circuits to achieve hardware acceleration for the most demanding parts of the algorithm. The software analysis of the proposed system allowed to fine tune some of the parameters of the considered feature extraction algorithm to the characteristics of the adopted optical sensor, and thus obtain a biometric system with an Equal-Error Rate (EER) of 7.18%. After settling the optimal parameters, the algorithm was described by using the C programming language and ported to the MicroBlaze softcore. To reduce the impact of the Gabor filtering module in the system overall performance, which holds 67.11% of the total execution time of the software implementation, a hardware accelerator was developed. The required filtering task is accomplished by reducing the size of the kernels, which are separated into one dimension filters. During the filtering process, the data are converted from floating-point to fixed-point representation. The developed peripheral uses 18 DSP48E1 blocks and 22 RAMB36E1 memories to perform the filtering process. In addition, two 64 kB memories are used to share the data between the MicroBlaze and the peripheral, which involves a total of 32 RAMB36E1 memories. By comparing the overall system performance for the solutions with and without hardware acceleration, it was found that the EER is kept at 7.18%. The gain in terms of the algorithm’s processing time is 2.72, while for the Gabor filtering it’s 731.99. As a result, the percentage of the total execution time associated with Gabor filtering decreases from 67.11% to, approximately, 2.3%