260 research outputs found

    Monitoring permafrost environments with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors

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    Permafrost occupies approximately 24% of the exposed land area in the Northern Hemisphere. It is an important element of the cryosphere and has strong impacts on hydrology, biological processes, land surface energy budget, and infrastructure. For several decades, surface air temperatures in the high northern latitudes have warmed at approximately twice the global rate. Permafrost temperatures have increased in most regions since the early 1980s, the averaged warming north of 60°N has been 1-2°C. In-situ measurements are essential to understanding physical processes in permafrost terrain, but they have several limitations, ranging from difficulties in drilling to the representativeness of limited single point measurements. Remote sensing is urgently needed to supplement ground-based measurements and extend the point observations to a broader spatial domain. This thesis concentrates on the sub-arctic permafrost environment monitoring with SAR datasets. The study site is selected in a typical discontinuous permafrost region in the eastern Canadian sub-Arctic. Inuit communities in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut in the Canadian eastern sub-arctic are amongst the groups most affected by the impacts of climate change and permafrost degradation. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) datasets have advantages for permafrost monitoring in the Arctic and sub-arctic regions because of its high resolution and independence of cloud cover and solar illumination. To date, permafrost environment monitoring methods and strategies with SAR datasets are still under development. The variability of active layer thickness is a direct indication of permafrost thermal state changes. The Differential SAR Interferometry (D-InSAR) technique is applied in the study site to derive ground deformation, which is introduced by the thawing/freezing depth of active layer and underlying permafrost. The D-InSAR technique has been used for the mapping of ground surface deformation over large areas by interpreting the phase difference between two signals acquired at different times as ground motion information. It shows the ability to detect freeze/thaw-related ground motion over permafrost regions. However, to date, accuracy and value assessments of D-InSAR applications have focused mostly on the continuous permafrost region where the vegetation is less developed and causes fewer complicating factors for the D-InSAR application, less attention is laid on the discontinuous permafrost terrain. In this thesis, the influencing factors and application conditions for D-InSAR in the discontinuous permafrost environment are evaluated by using X- band and L-band data. Then, benefit from by the high-temporal resolution of C-band Sentinel-1 time series, the seasonal displacement is derived from small baseline subsets (SBAS)-InSAR. Landforms are indicative of permafrost presence, with their changes inferring modifications to permafrost conditions. A permafrost landscape mapping method was developed which uses multi-temporal TerraSAR-X backscatter intensity and interferometric coherence information. The land cover map is generated through the combined use of object-based image analysis (OBIA) and classification and regression tree analysis (CART). An overall accuracy of 98% is achieved when classifying rock and water bodies, and an accuracy of 79% is achieved when discriminating between different vegetation types with one year of single-polarized acquisitions. This classification strategy can be transferred to other time-series SAR datasets, e.g., Sentinel-1, and other heterogeneous environments. One predominant change in the landscape tied to the thaw of permafrost is the dynamics of thermokarst lakes. Dynamics of thermokarst lakes are developed through their lateral extent and vertical depth changes. Due to different water depth, ice cover over shallow thermokarst ponds/lakes can freeze completely to the lake bed in winter, resulting in grounded ice; while ice cover over deep thermokarst ponds/lakes cannot, which have liquid water persisting under the ice cover all winter, resulting in floating ice. Winter ice cover regimes are related to water depths and ice thickness. In the lakes having floating ice, the liquid water induces additional heat in the remaining permafrost underneath and surroundings, which contributes to further intensified permafrost thawing. SAR datasets are utilized to detect winter ice cover regimes based on the character that liquid water has a remarkably high dielectric constant, whereas pure ice has a low value. Patterns in the spatial distribution of ice-cover regimes of thermokarst ponds in a typical discontinuous permafrost region are first revealed. Then, the correlations of these ice-cover regimes with the permafrost degradation states and thermokarst pond development in two historical phases (Sheldrake catchment in the year 1957 and 2009, Tasiapik Valley 1994 and 2010) were explored. The results indicate that the ice-cover regimes of thermokarst ponds are affected by soil texture, permafrost degradation stage and permafrost depth. Permafrost degradation is difficult to directly assess from the coverage area of floating-ice ponds and the percentage of all thermokarst ponds consisting of such floating-ice ponds in a single year. Continuous monitoring of ice-cover regimes and surface areas is recommended to elucidate the hydrological trajectory of the thermokarst process. Several operational monitoring methods have been developed in this thesis work. In the meanwhile, the spatial distribution of seasonal ground thaw subsidence, permafrost landscape, thermokarst ponds and their winter ice cover regimes are first revealed in the study area. The outcomes help understand the state and dynamics of permafrost environment.Der Permafrostboden bedeckt etwa 24% der exponierten LandflĂ€che in der nördlichen HemisphĂ€re. Es ist ein wichtiges Element der KryosphĂ€re und hat starke Auswirkungen auf die Hydrologie, die biologischen Prozesse, das Energie-Budget der LandoberflĂ€che und die Infrastruktur. Seit mehreren Jahrzehnten erhöhen sich die OberflĂ€chenlufttemperaturen in den nördlichen hohen Breitengraden etwa doppelt so stark wie die globale Rate. Die Temperaturen der Permafrostböden sind in den meisten Regionen seit den frĂŒhen 1980er Jahren gestiegen. Die durchschnittliche ErwĂ€rmung nördlich von 60° N betrĂ€gt 1-2°C. In-situ-Messungen sind essentiell fĂŒr das VerstĂ€ndnis der physischen Prozesse im PermafrostgelĂ€nde. Es gibt jedoch mehrere EinschrĂ€nkungen, die von Schwierigkeiten beim Bohren bis hin zur ReprĂ€sentativitĂ€t begrenzter Einzelpunktmessungen reichen. Fernerkundung ist dringend benötigt, um bodenbasierte Messungen zu ergĂ€nzen und punktuelle Beobachtungen auf einen breiteren rĂ€umlichen Bereich auszudehnen. Diese Dissertation konzentriert sich auf die Umweltbeobachtung der subarktischen Permafrostböden mit SAR-DatensĂ€tzen. Das Untersuchungsgebiet wurde in einer typischen diskontinuierlichen Permafrostzone in der kanadischen östlichen Sub-Arktis ausgewĂ€hlt. Die Inuit-Gemeinschaften in den Regionen Nunavik und Nunatsiavut in der kanadischen östlichen Sub-Arktis gehören zu den Gruppen, die am stĂ€rksten von den Auswirkungen des Klimawandels und Permafrostdegradation betroffen sind. Synthetische Apertur Radar (SAR) DatensĂ€tze haben Vorteile fĂŒr das Permafrostmonitoring in den arktischen und subarktischen Regionen aufgrund der hohen Auflösung und der UnabhĂ€ngigkeit von Wolkendeckung und Sonnenstrahlung. Bis heute sind die Methoden und Strategien mit SAR-DatensĂ€tzen fĂŒr Umweltbeobachtung der Permafrostböden noch in der Entwicklung. Die VariabilitĂ€t der Auftautiefe der aktiven Schicht ist eine direkte Indikation der VerĂ€nderung des thermischen Zustands der Permafrostböden. Die Differential-SAR-Interferometrie(D-Insar)-Technik wird im Untersuchungsgebiet zur Ableitung der Bodendeformation, die durch Auftau- / und Gefriertiefe der aktiven Schicht und des unterliegenden Permafrostbodens eingefĂŒhrt wird, eingesetzt. Die D-InSAR-Technik wurde fĂŒr Kartierung der LandoberflĂ€chendeformation ĂŒber große FlĂ€chen verwendet, indem der Phasenunterschied zwischen zwei zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten als Bodenbewegungsinformation erfassten Signalen interpretiert wurde. Es zeigt die FĂ€higkeit, tau- und gefrierprozessbedingte Bodenbewegungen ĂŒber Permafrostregionen zu detektieren. Jedoch fokussiert sich die Genauigkeit und WertschĂ€tzung der D-InSAR-Anwendung bis heute hauptsĂ€chlich auf kontinuierliche Permafrostregion, wo die Vegetation wenig entwickelt ist und weniger komplizierte Faktoren fĂŒr D-InSAR-Anwendung verursacht. Das diskontinuierliche PermafrostgelĂ€nde wurde nur weniger berĂŒcksichtigt. In dieser Dissertation wurden die Einflussfaktoren und Anwendungsbedingungen fĂŒr D-InSAR im diskontinuierlichen Permafrostgebiet mittels X-Band und L-Band Daten ausgewertet. Dann wurde die saisonale Verschiebung dank der hohen Auflösung der C-Band Sentinel-1 Zeitreihe von „Small Baseline Subsets (SBAS)-InSAR“ abgeleitet. Landformen weisen auf die PrĂ€senz des Permafrosts hin, wobei deren VerĂ€nderungen auf die Modifikation der Permafrostbedingungen schließen. Eine Kartierungsmethode der Permafrostlandschaft wurde entwickelt, dabei wurde Multi-temporal TerraSAR-X RĂŒckstreuungsintensitĂ€t und interferometrische KohĂ€renzinformationen verwendet. Die Landbedeckungskarte wurde durch kombinierte Anwendung objektbasierter Bildanalyse (OBIA) und Klassifikations- und Regressionsbaum Analyse (CART) generiert. Eine Gesamtgenauigkeit in Höhe von 98% wurde bei Klassifikation der Gesteine und Wasserkörper erreicht. Bei Unterscheidung zwischen verschiedenen Vegetationstypen mit einem Jahr einzelpolarisierte Akquisitionen wurde eine Genauigkeit von 79% erreicht. Diese Klassifikationsstrategie kann auf andere Zeitreihen der SAR-DatensĂ€tzen, z.B. Sentinel-1, und auch anderen heterogenen Umwelten ĂŒbertragen werden. Eine vorherrschende VerĂ€nderung in der Landschaft, die mit dem Auftauen des Permafrosts verbunden ist, ist die Dynamik der Thermokarstseen. Die Dynamik der Thermokarstseen ist durch VerĂ€nderungen der seitlichen Ausdehnung und der vertikalen Tiefe entwickelt. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Wassertiefen kann die Eisdecke ĂŒber den flachen Thermokarstteichen/-seen im Winter bis auf den Wasserboden vollstĂ€ndig gefroren sein, was zum geerdeten Eis fĂŒhrt, wĂ€hrend die Eisdecke ĂŒber den tiefen Thermokarstteichen/-seen es nicht kann. In den tiefen Thermokarstteichen/-seen bleibt den ganzen Winter flĂŒssiges Wasser unter der Eisdecke bestehen, was zum Treibeis fĂŒhrt. Das Wintereisdeckenregime bezieht sich auf die Wassertiefe und die Eisdicke. In den Seen mit Treibeis leitet das flĂŒssige Wasser zusĂ€tzliche WĂ€rme in den restlichen Permafrost darunter oder in der Umgebung, was zur weiteren VerstĂ€rkung des Permafrostauftauen beitrĂ€gt. Basiert auf den Charakter, dass das flĂŒssige Wasser eine bemerkenswert hohe DielektrizitĂ€tskonstante besitzt, wĂ€hrend reines Eis einen niedrigen Wert hat, wurden die SAR DatensĂ€tzen zur Erkennung des Wintereisdeckenregimes verwendet. ZunĂ€chst wurden Schemen in der rĂ€umlichen Verteilung der Eisdeckenregimes der Thermokarstteiche in einer typischen diskontinuierlichen Permafrostregion abgeleitet. Dann wurden die ZusammenhĂ€nge dieser Eisdeckenregimes mit dem Degradationszustand des Permafrosts und der Entwicklung der Thermokarstteiche in zwei historischen Phasen (Sheldrake Einzugsgebiet in 1957 und 2009, Tasiapik Tal in 1994 und 2010) erforscht. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf, dass die Eisdeckenregimes der Thermokarstteiche von der Bodenart, dem Degradationszustand des Permafrosts und der Permafrosttiefe beeinflusst werden. Es ist schwer, die Permafrostdegradation in einem einzelnen Jahr direkt durch den Abdeckungsbereich der Treibeis-Teiche und die Prozentzahl aller aus solchen Treibeis-Teichen bestehenden Thermokarstteiche abzuschĂ€tzen. Ein kontinuierliches Monitoring der Eisdeckenregimes und -oberflĂ€chen ist empfehlenswert, um den hydrologischen Verlauf des Thermokarstprozesses zu erlĂ€utern. In dieser Dissertation wurden mehrere operativen Monitoringsmethoden entwickelt. In der Zwischenzeit wurden die rĂ€umliche Verteilung der saisonalen Bodentauabsenkung, die Permafrostlandschaft, die Thermokarstteiche und ihre Wintereisdeckenregimes erstmals in diesem Untersuchungsgebiet aufgedeckt. Die Ergebnisse tragen dazu bei, den Zustand und die Dynamik der Permafrostumwelt zu verstehen

    Monitoring permafrost environments with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors

    Get PDF
    Permafrost occupies approximately 24% of the exposed land area in the Northern Hemisphere. It is an important element of the cryosphere and has strong impacts on hydrology, biological processes, land surface energy budget, and infrastructure. For several decades, surface air temperatures in the high northern latitudes have warmed at approximately twice the global rate. Permafrost temperatures have increased in most regions since the early 1980s, the averaged warming north of 60°N has been 1-2°C. In-situ measurements are essential to understanding physical processes in permafrost terrain, but they have several limitations, ranging from difficulties in drilling to the representativeness of limited single point measurements. Remote sensing is urgently needed to supplement ground-based measurements and extend the point observations to a broader spatial domain. This thesis concentrates on the sub-arctic permafrost environment monitoring with SAR datasets. The study site is selected in a typical discontinuous permafrost region in the eastern Canadian sub-Arctic. Inuit communities in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut in the Canadian eastern sub-arctic are amongst the groups most affected by the impacts of climate change and permafrost degradation. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) datasets have advantages for permafrost monitoring in the Arctic and sub-arctic regions because of its high resolution and independence of cloud cover and solar illumination. To date, permafrost environment monitoring methods and strategies with SAR datasets are still under development. The variability of active layer thickness is a direct indication of permafrost thermal state changes. The Differential SAR Interferometry (D-InSAR) technique is applied in the study site to derive ground deformation, which is introduced by the thawing/freezing depth of active layer and underlying permafrost. The D-InSAR technique has been used for the mapping of ground surface deformation over large areas by interpreting the phase difference between two signals acquired at different times as ground motion information. It shows the ability to detect freeze/thaw-related ground motion over permafrost regions. However, to date, accuracy and value assessments of D-InSAR applications have focused mostly on the continuous permafrost region where the vegetation is less developed and causes fewer complicating factors for the D-InSAR application, less attention is laid on the discontinuous permafrost terrain. In this thesis, the influencing factors and application conditions for D-InSAR in the discontinuous permafrost environment are evaluated by using X- band and L-band data. Then, benefit from by the high-temporal resolution of C-band Sentinel-1 time series, the seasonal displacement is derived from small baseline subsets (SBAS)-InSAR. Landforms are indicative of permafrost presence, with their changes inferring modifications to permafrost conditions. A permafrost landscape mapping method was developed which uses multi-temporal TerraSAR-X backscatter intensity and interferometric coherence information. The land cover map is generated through the combined use of object-based image analysis (OBIA) and classification and regression tree analysis (CART). An overall accuracy of 98% is achieved when classifying rock and water bodies, and an accuracy of 79% is achieved when discriminating between different vegetation types with one year of single-polarized acquisitions. This classification strategy can be transferred to other time-series SAR datasets, e.g., Sentinel-1, and other heterogeneous environments. One predominant change in the landscape tied to the thaw of permafrost is the dynamics of thermokarst lakes. Dynamics of thermokarst lakes are developed through their lateral extent and vertical depth changes. Due to different water depth, ice cover over shallow thermokarst ponds/lakes can freeze completely to the lake bed in winter, resulting in grounded ice; while ice cover over deep thermokarst ponds/lakes cannot, which have liquid water persisting under the ice cover all winter, resulting in floating ice. Winter ice cover regimes are related to water depths and ice thickness. In the lakes having floating ice, the liquid water induces additional heat in the remaining permafrost underneath and surroundings, which contributes to further intensified permafrost thawing. SAR datasets are utilized to detect winter ice cover regimes based on the character that liquid water has a remarkably high dielectric constant, whereas pure ice has a low value. Patterns in the spatial distribution of ice-cover regimes of thermokarst ponds in a typical discontinuous permafrost region are first revealed. Then, the correlations of these ice-cover regimes with the permafrost degradation states and thermokarst pond development in two historical phases (Sheldrake catchment in the year 1957 and 2009, Tasiapik Valley 1994 and 2010) were explored. The results indicate that the ice-cover regimes of thermokarst ponds are affected by soil texture, permafrost degradation stage and permafrost depth. Permafrost degradation is difficult to directly assess from the coverage area of floating-ice ponds and the percentage of all thermokarst ponds consisting of such floating-ice ponds in a single year. Continuous monitoring of ice-cover regimes and surface areas is recommended to elucidate the hydrological trajectory of the thermokarst process. Several operational monitoring methods have been developed in this thesis work. In the meanwhile, the spatial distribution of seasonal ground thaw subsidence, permafrost landscape, thermokarst ponds and their winter ice cover regimes are first revealed in the study area. The outcomes help understand the state and dynamics of permafrost environment.Der Permafrostboden bedeckt etwa 24% der exponierten LandflĂ€che in der nördlichen HemisphĂ€re. Es ist ein wichtiges Element der KryosphĂ€re und hat starke Auswirkungen auf die Hydrologie, die biologischen Prozesse, das Energie-Budget der LandoberflĂ€che und die Infrastruktur. Seit mehreren Jahrzehnten erhöhen sich die OberflĂ€chenlufttemperaturen in den nördlichen hohen Breitengraden etwa doppelt so stark wie die globale Rate. Die Temperaturen der Permafrostböden sind in den meisten Regionen seit den frĂŒhen 1980er Jahren gestiegen. Die durchschnittliche ErwĂ€rmung nördlich von 60° N betrĂ€gt 1-2°C. In-situ-Messungen sind essentiell fĂŒr das VerstĂ€ndnis der physischen Prozesse im PermafrostgelĂ€nde. Es gibt jedoch mehrere EinschrĂ€nkungen, die von Schwierigkeiten beim Bohren bis hin zur ReprĂ€sentativitĂ€t begrenzter Einzelpunktmessungen reichen. Fernerkundung ist dringend benötigt, um bodenbasierte Messungen zu ergĂ€nzen und punktuelle Beobachtungen auf einen breiteren rĂ€umlichen Bereich auszudehnen. Diese Dissertation konzentriert sich auf die Umweltbeobachtung der subarktischen Permafrostböden mit SAR-DatensĂ€tzen. Das Untersuchungsgebiet wurde in einer typischen diskontinuierlichen Permafrostzone in der kanadischen östlichen Sub-Arktis ausgewĂ€hlt. Die Inuit-Gemeinschaften in den Regionen Nunavik und Nunatsiavut in der kanadischen östlichen Sub-Arktis gehören zu den Gruppen, die am stĂ€rksten von den Auswirkungen des Klimawandels und Permafrostdegradation betroffen sind. Synthetische Apertur Radar (SAR) DatensĂ€tze haben Vorteile fĂŒr das Permafrostmonitoring in den arktischen und subarktischen Regionen aufgrund der hohen Auflösung und der UnabhĂ€ngigkeit von Wolkendeckung und Sonnenstrahlung. Bis heute sind die Methoden und Strategien mit SAR-DatensĂ€tzen fĂŒr Umweltbeobachtung der Permafrostböden noch in der Entwicklung. Die VariabilitĂ€t der Auftautiefe der aktiven Schicht ist eine direkte Indikation der VerĂ€nderung des thermischen Zustands der Permafrostböden. Die Differential-SAR-Interferometrie(D-Insar)-Technik wird im Untersuchungsgebiet zur Ableitung der Bodendeformation, die durch Auftau- / und Gefriertiefe der aktiven Schicht und des unterliegenden Permafrostbodens eingefĂŒhrt wird, eingesetzt. Die D-InSAR-Technik wurde fĂŒr Kartierung der LandoberflĂ€chendeformation ĂŒber große FlĂ€chen verwendet, indem der Phasenunterschied zwischen zwei zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten als Bodenbewegungsinformation erfassten Signalen interpretiert wurde. Es zeigt die FĂ€higkeit, tau- und gefrierprozessbedingte Bodenbewegungen ĂŒber Permafrostregionen zu detektieren. Jedoch fokussiert sich die Genauigkeit und WertschĂ€tzung der D-InSAR-Anwendung bis heute hauptsĂ€chlich auf kontinuierliche Permafrostregion, wo die Vegetation wenig entwickelt ist und weniger komplizierte Faktoren fĂŒr D-InSAR-Anwendung verursacht. Das diskontinuierliche PermafrostgelĂ€nde wurde nur weniger berĂŒcksichtigt. In dieser Dissertation wurden die Einflussfaktoren und Anwendungsbedingungen fĂŒr D-InSAR im diskontinuierlichen Permafrostgebiet mittels X-Band und L-Band Daten ausgewertet. Dann wurde die saisonale Verschiebung dank der hohen Auflösung der C-Band Sentinel-1 Zeitreihe von „Small Baseline Subsets (SBAS)-InSAR“ abgeleitet. Landformen weisen auf die PrĂ€senz des Permafrosts hin, wobei deren VerĂ€nderungen auf die Modifikation der Permafrostbedingungen schließen. Eine Kartierungsmethode der Permafrostlandschaft wurde entwickelt, dabei wurde Multi-temporal TerraSAR-X RĂŒckstreuungsintensitĂ€t und interferometrische KohĂ€renzinformationen verwendet. Die Landbedeckungskarte wurde durch kombinierte Anwendung objektbasierter Bildanalyse (OBIA) und Klassifikations- und Regressionsbaum Analyse (CART) generiert. Eine Gesamtgenauigkeit in Höhe von 98% wurde bei Klassifikation der Gesteine und Wasserkörper erreicht. Bei Unterscheidung zwischen verschiedenen Vegetationstypen mit einem Jahr einzelpolarisierte Akquisitionen wurde eine Genauigkeit von 79% erreicht. Diese Klassifikationsstrategie kann auf andere Zeitreihen der SAR-DatensĂ€tzen, z.B. Sentinel-1, und auch anderen heterogenen Umwelten ĂŒbertragen werden. Eine vorherrschende VerĂ€nderung in der Landschaft, die mit dem Auftauen des Permafrosts verbunden ist, ist die Dynamik der Thermokarstseen. Die Dynamik der Thermokarstseen ist durch VerĂ€nderungen der seitlichen Ausdehnung und der vertikalen Tiefe entwickelt. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Wassertiefen kann die Eisdecke ĂŒber den flachen Thermokarstteichen/-seen im Winter bis auf den Wasserboden vollstĂ€ndig gefroren sein, was zum geerdeten Eis fĂŒhrt, wĂ€hrend die Eisdecke ĂŒber den tiefen Thermokarstteichen/-seen es nicht kann. In den tiefen Thermokarstteichen/-seen bleibt den ganzen Winter flĂŒssiges Wasser unter der Eisdecke bestehen, was zum Treibeis fĂŒhrt. Das Wintereisdeckenregime bezieht sich auf die Wassertiefe und die Eisdicke. In den Seen mit Treibeis leitet das flĂŒssige Wasser zusĂ€tzliche WĂ€rme in den restlichen Permafrost darunter oder in der Umgebung, was zur weiteren VerstĂ€rkung des Permafrostauftauen beitrĂ€gt. Basiert auf den Charakter, dass das flĂŒssige Wasser eine bemerkenswert hohe DielektrizitĂ€tskonstante besitzt, wĂ€hrend reines Eis einen niedrigen Wert hat, wurden die SAR DatensĂ€tzen zur Erkennung des Wintereisdeckenregimes verwendet. ZunĂ€chst wurden Schemen in der rĂ€umlichen Verteilung der Eisdeckenregimes der Thermokarstteiche in einer typischen diskontinuierlichen Permafrostregion abgeleitet. Dann wurden die ZusammenhĂ€nge dieser Eisdeckenregimes mit dem Degradationszustand des Permafrosts und der Entwicklung der Thermokarstteiche in zwei historischen Phasen (Sheldrake Einzugsgebiet in 1957 und 2009, Tasiapik Tal in 1994 und 2010) erforscht. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf, dass die Eisdeckenregimes der Thermokarstteiche von der Bodenart, dem Degradationszustand des Permafrosts und der Permafrosttiefe beeinflusst werden. Es ist schwer, die Permafrostdegradation in einem einzelnen Jahr direkt durch den Abdeckungsbereich der Treibeis-Teiche und die Prozentzahl aller aus solchen Treibeis-Teichen bestehenden Thermokarstteiche abzuschĂ€tzen. Ein kontinuierliches Monitoring der Eisdeckenregimes und -oberflĂ€chen ist empfehlenswert, um den hydrologischen Verlauf des Thermokarstprozesses zu erlĂ€utern. In dieser Dissertation wurden mehrere operativen Monitoringsmethoden entwickelt. In der Zwischenzeit wurden die rĂ€umliche Verteilung der saisonalen Bodentauabsenkung, die Permafrostlandschaft, die Thermokarstteiche und ihre Wintereisdeckenregimes erstmals in diesem Untersuchungsgebiet aufgedeckt. Die Ergebnisse tragen dazu bei, den Zustand und die Dynamik der Permafrostumwelt zu verstehen

    Satellite Monitoring of Railways using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR)

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    There is over 15,600 km of track in the Swedish railroad network. This network is vital for the transportation of people and goods across the country. It is important that this network is monitored and maintained to ensure good function and safety. A tool for monitoring and measuring ground deformation over a large area remotely with high frequency and accuracy was developed in recent decades. This tool is known as Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), and is used by researchers, geo-technicians, and engineers. The purpose of this study has been to evaluate the use and feasibility of the InSAR technique for track condition monitoring and compare it to conventional track condition monitoring techniques. Malmbanan, which is primarily used to transport iron-ore from mines in Sweden to the ports of LuleÄ, Sweden and Narvik, Norway, is used as a case study for this project; specifically, the section between Kiruna and RiksgrÀnsen. Coordinate matching of measurements from the provided Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) InSAR data and Optram data from survey trains were performed. Then measured changes over different time spans within the two systems were overlapped and classified with different thresholds to see if there is correlation between the two systems. An extensive literature review was also conducted in order to gain an understanding of InSAR technologies and uses.The literature review showed that there is a large potential and a quickly growing number of applications of InSAR to monitor railways and other types of infrastructure, and that the tools and algorithms for this are being improved. The case study, on the other hand, shows that it can be difficult to directly compare measurement series from different tools, each working on different resolutions in terms of both time and space. InSAR is thus not about to replace techniques such as those behind Optram (using measurement trains). Instead, the approaches offer complementary perspectives, each highlighting different types of issues. We find that InSAR offers a good way to identify locations with settlements or other types of ground motions. Especially transition zones between settlements and more stable ground can be challenging from a maintenance point of view and can clearly be identified and monitored using InSAR. With the rollout of national InSAR-data, and the large increase in data accessibility, we see a considerable potential for future studies that apply the technique to the railway area

    ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 Calibration, Validation, Science and Applications

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    Twelve edited original papers on the latest and state-of-art results of topics ranging from calibration, validation, and science to a wide range of applications using ALOS-2/PALSAR-2. We hope you will find them useful for your future research

    Environmental Controls of InSAR-Based Periglacial Ground Dynamics in a Sub-Arctic Landscape

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    Periglacial environments are characterized by highly dynamic landscapes. Freezing and thawing lead to ground movement, associated with cryoturbation and solifluction. These processes are sensitive to climate change and variably distributed depending on multiple environmental factors. In this study, we used multi-geometry Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) to investigate the spatial distribution of the mean annual ground velocity in a mountainous landscape in Northern Norway. Statistical modeling was employed to examine how periglacial ground velocity is related to environmental variables characterizing the diverse climatic, geomorphic, hydrological and biological conditions within a 148 km(2) study area. Two-dimensional (2D) InSAR results document mean annual ground velocity up to 15 mm/yr. Vertical and horizontal velocity components in the East-West plane show variable spatial distribution, which can be explained by the characteristics of cryoturbation and solifluction operating differently over flat and sloping terrain. Statistical modeling shows that slope angle and mean annual air temperature variables are the most important environmental factors explaining the distribution of the horizontal and vertical components, respectively. Vegetation and snow cover also have a local influence, interpreted as indicators of the ground material and moisture conditions. The results show contrasted model performance depending on the velocity component used as a response variable. In general, our study highlights the potential of integrating radar remote sensing and statistical modeling to investigate mountainous regions and better understand the relations between environmental factors, periglacial processes and ground dynamics.Peer reviewe

    Review of works combining GNSS and insar in Europe

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    The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) can be combined to achieve different goals, owing to their main principles. Both enable the collection of information about ground deformation due to the differences of two consequent acquisitions. Their variable applications, even if strictly related to ground deformation and water vapor determination, have encouraged the scientific community to combine GNSS and InSAR data and their derivable products. In this work, more than 190 scientific contributions were collected spanning the whole European continent. The spatial and temporal distribution of such studies, as well as the distinction in different fields of application, were analyzed. Research in Italy, as the most represented nation, with 47 scientific contributions, has been dedicated to the spatial and temporal distribution of its studied phenomena. The state-of-the-art of the various applications of these two combined techniques can improve the knowledge of the scientific community and help in the further development of new approaches or additional applications in different fields. The demonstrated usefulness and versability of the combination of GNSS and InSAR remote sensing techniques for different purposes, as well as the availability of free data, EUREF and GMS (Ground Motion Service), and the possibility of overcoming some limitations of these techniques through their combination suggest an increasingly widespread approach

    Monitoring glacial lake outburst flood susceptibility using Sentinel-1 SAR data, Google Earth Engine, and persistent scatterer interferometry

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    Funding to support this research from the University of St Andrews and the School of Geography and Sustainable Development is gratefully acknowledged.Continuous monitoring of glacial lakes, their parent glaciers and their surroundings is crucial because possible outbursts of these lakes pose a serious hazard to downstream areas. Ongoing climate change increases the risk of this hazard globally due to recession of glaciers leading to formation and expansion of glacial lakes, and permafrost degradation which impacts the stability of glaciers, slopes and moraines. Here, we demonstrate the capability of our approach for monitoring lake outburst susceptibility using time-series of Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (S-1 SAR) data. We selected Lunana in the Bhutanese Himalayas as an example region as it is highly susceptible to glacial lake outburst floods and suitable baseline data were available. We used Google Earth Engine (GEE) to calculate average radar backscatter intensity (ARBI) of glaciers, lakes, basins, and moraines. To determine the periodicity of the highest and the lowest radar backscatter intensity, we denoised the ARBI data using a Fast Fourier Transform and autocorrelated using a Pearson correlation function. Additionally, we determined glacier melt area, basin melt area, lake area, open water area, and lake ice area using radar backscatter intensity data. The Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) technique was used to investigate the stability of moraines and slopes around glacial lakes. The PSI results were qualitatively validated by comparison with high-resolution digital elevation model differencing results. Our approach showed that glaciers and basins in the region underwent seasonal and periodic changes in their radar backscatter intensity related to changes in ice and snow melt. Lakes also showed seasonal changes in their radar backscatter intensity related to the variation of lake ice and open water area, but the radar backscatter intensity change was not periodic. We could also infer lake area change using a time-series radar backscatter intensity data such as the rapid expansion of Bechung Tsho. The PSI analysis showed that all the terminal moraines were stable except Drukchung Tsho. Its terminal moraine showed subsidence at the rate of –5.18 mm/yr. Sidewalls of lakes were also stable with the exception of Lugge Tsho at site 4. Due to the free availability of S-1 SAR data, the efficiency of processing a large amount of imagery within GEE, and the PSI technique, we were able to understand the outburst susceptibility of glacial lakes in the region at great detail. The regular acquisition of S-1 SAR data enables continuous monitoring of glacial lakes. A similar approach and concept can be transferred to any geographic region on earth that shares similar challenges in glacial lake monitoring.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

    DInSAR for a Regional Inventory of Active Rock Glaciers in the Dry Andes Mountains of Argentina and Chile with Sentinel-1 Data

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    The Dry Andes region of Argentina and Chile is characterized by a highly developed periglacial environment. In these arid or semi-arid regions, rock glaciers represent one of the main pieces of evidence of mountain creeping permafrost and water reserves in a solid state. However, their distribution, degree of activity, and response to global warming are not yet well understood. In this context, this work aims to show the potential of the Sentinel-1-based interferometric technique (DInSAR) to map active rock glaciers at a regional level. In particular, the paper presents an active rock glacier inventory for the study area, which covers approximately 40,000 km2, ranging from latitude 30°210S to 33°210S. A total of 2116 active rock glaciers have been detected, and their elevations show a high correlation with the west-east direction. This result was obtained by using only 16 interferometric pairs. Compared to other remote sensing classification techniques, the interferometric technique offers a means to measure surface displacement (active rock glacier). This results in a reliable classification of the degree of activity compared to other methods, based on geomorphological, geomorphometric, and/or ecological criteria. This work presents evidence of this aspect by comparing the obtained results with existing optical data-based inventories. We conclude that the combination of both types of sensors (radar and optical) is an appropriate procedure for active rock glacier inventories, as both mapping methodologies are complementary.Fil: Villarroel, Cristian Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Geología; ArgentinaFil: Tamburini Beliveau, Guillermo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Forte, Ana Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Centro de Investigaciones de la Geosfera y Biosfera. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones de la Geosfera y Biosfera; ArgentinaFil: Monserrat, Oriol. Agencia Espacial Europea; EspañaFil: Morvillo, Mónica Cristina. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; Argentin
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