Wireless sensor networks with energy harvesting: Modeling and simulation based on a practical architecture using real radiation levels

This paper presents a new energy-harvesting model for a network simulator that implements super-capacitor energy storage with solar energy-harvesting recharge. The model is easily extensible, and other energyharvesting systems, or different energy storages, can be further developed. Moreover, code can be conveniently reused as the implementation is entirely uncoupled from the radio and node models. Real radiation data are obtained from available online databases in order to dynamically calculate super-capacitor charge and discharge. Such novelty enables the evaluation of energy evolution on a network of sensor nodes at various physical world locations and during different seasons. The model is validated against a real and fully working prototype, and good result correlation is shown. Furthermore, various experiments using the ns-3 simulator were conducted, demonstrating the utility of the model in assisting the research and development of the deployment of everlasting wireless sensor networks.This work was supported by the CICYT (research projects CTM2011-29691-C02-01 and TIN2011-28435-C03-01) and UPV research project SP20120889.Climent, S.; Sánchez Matías, AM.; Blanc Clavero, S.; Capella Hernández, JV.; Ors Carot, R. (2013). Wireless sensor networks with energy harvesting: Modeling and simulation based on a practical architecture using real radiation levels. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.3151S119Akyildiz, I. F., & Vuran, M. C. (2010). Wireless Sensor Networks. doi:10.1002/9780470515181Seah, W. K. G., Tan, Y. K., & Chan, A. T. S. (2012). Research in Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks and the Challenges Ahead. 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Procedure for Selecting a Transmission Mode Dependent on the State-of-Charge and State-of-Health of a Lithium-ion Battery in Wireless Sensor Networks with Energy Harvesting Devices

Diverse methods and considerations have been proposed to manage the available energy in an efficient manner in Wireless Sensor Networks. By incorporating Energy Harvesting Devices in these type of networks it is possible to reduce the dependency of the availability of the Energy Storage Devices, particularly the lithium-ion battery. Recently, the State-of-Charge and State-of-Health of the battery have been considered as inputs for the design of the Medium- Access-Control protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. In this article, different guidelines are proposed for the design of Medium-Access-Control protocols used in Wireless Sensor Networks with Energy Harvesting Devices considering the State-of-Charge and State-of-Health as indicators for the estimation of the transmission time of the sensor node. The proposed guidelines consider different currents used during the transmission to estimate the State-of-Charge and Stateof- Health of the battery. The incorporation of these indicators aim to improve the decision-making process of the sensor node when transmitting.Diverse methods and considerations have been proposed to manage the available energy in an efficient manner in Wireless Sensor Networks. By incorporating Energy Harvesting Devices in these type of networks it is possible to reduce the dependency of the availability of the Energy Storage Devices, particularly the lithium-ion battery. Recently, the State-of-Charge and State-of-Health of the battery have been considered as inputs for the design of the Medium- Access-Control protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. In this article, different guidelines are proposed for the design of Medium-Access-Control protocols used in Wireless Sensor Networks with Energy Harvesting Devices considering the State-of-Charge and State-of-Health as indicators for the estimation of the transmission time of the sensor node. The proposed guidelines consider different currents used during the transmission to estimate the State-of-Charge and Stateof- Health of the battery. The incorporation of these indicators aim to improve the decision-making process of the sensor node when transmitting

Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting and Management for Wireless Sensor Networks

Radio Frequency (RF) Energy Harvesting holds a promising future for generating a small amount of electrical power to drive partial circuits in wirelessly communicating electronics devices. Reducing power consumption has become a major challenge in wireless sensor networks. As a vital factor affecting system cost and lifetime, energy consumption in wireless sensor networks is an emerging and active research area. This chapter presents a practical approach for RF Energy harvesting and management of the harvested and available energy for wireless sensor networks using the Improved Energy Efficient Ant Based Routing Algorithm (IEEABR) as our proposed algorithm. The chapter looks at measurement of the RF power density, calculation of the received power, storage of the harvested power, and management of the power in wireless sensor networks. The routing uses IEEABR technique for energy management. Practical and real-time implementations of the RF Energy using Powercast harvesters and simulations using the energy model of our Libelium Waspmote to verify the approach were performed. The chapter concludes with performance analysis of the harvested energy, comparison of IEEABR and other traditional energy management techniques, while also looking at open research areas of energy harvesting and management for wireless sensor networks.Comment: 40 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables, Book chapte

Self-synchronized duty-cycling for sensor networks with energy harvesting capabilities: Implementation in Wiselib

In this work we present a protocol for a self- synchronized duty-cycling mechanism in wireless sensor net- works with energy harvesting capabilities. The protocol is im- plemented in Wiselib, a library of generic algorithms for sensor networks. Simulations are conducted with the sensor network simulator Shawn. They are based on the specifications of real hardware known as iSense sensor nodes. The experimental results show that the proposed mechanism is able to adapt to changing energy availabilities. Moreover, it is shown that the system is very robust against packet loss.Postprint (published version

Energy harvesting over Rician fading channel: A performance analysis for half-duplex bidirectional sensor networks under hardware impairments

In this paper, a rigorous analysis of the performance of time-switching energy harvesting strategy that is applied for a half-duplex bidirectional wireless sensor network with intermediate relay over a Rician fading channel is presented to provide the exact-form expressions of the outage probability, achievable throughput and the symbol-error-rate (SER) of the system under the hardware impairment condition. Using the proposed probabilistic models for wireless channels between mobile nodes as well as for the hardware noises, we derive the outage probability of the system, and then the throughput and SER can be obtained as a result. Both exact analysis and asymptotic analysis at high signal-power-to-noise-ratio regime are provided. Monte Carlo simulation is also conducted to verify the analysis. This work confirms the effectiveness of energy harvesting applied in wireless sensor networks over a Rician fading channel, and can provide an insightful understanding about the effect of various parameters on the system performance.Web of Science186art. no. 1781

Energy Harvesting Aware routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

This paper considers energy efficiency of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. Many routing protocols for sensor network have been proposed, some of them tried to cope with the ad-hoc nature while some others focus on improving the energy efficiency. We propose an Energy Harvesting Aware Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol (AODV-EHA) that not only inherits the advantage of existing AODV in dealing with WSN's ad hoc nature, but also make use of the energy harvesting capability of the sensor nodes in the network, which is very meaningful to the data transmission in the environmental and military applications under consideration. Simulations results show the proposed routing protocol has advantages over competing routing protocols in terms of energy cost for data packet delivery