21 research outputs found

    SIR performance evaluation of MB-OFDM UWB system with residual timing offset

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    Signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) performance of a multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing ultra-wideband system with residual timing offset is investigated. To do so, an exact mathematical derivation of the SIR of this system is derived. It becomes obvious that, unlike a cyclic prefixing based system, a zero padding based system is sensitive to residual timing offset.This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant, funded by the Korean government (MSIP) no. 2010-0018116.Islam, SMR.; Ullah, S.; Lloret, J.; Ullah, N.; Kwak, KS. (2015). SIR performance evaluation of MB-OFDM UWB system with residual timing offset. Electronics Letters. 51(5):427-429. https://doi.org/10.1049/el.2014.3967S42742951

    Sensitivity of OFDM Systems to Synchronization Errors and Spatial Diversity

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    In this dissertation, the problem of synchronization for OFDM-based wireless communication systems is studied. In the first part of this dissertation, the sensitivity of both single input single output (SISO) OFDM and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) OFDM receivers to carrier and timing synchronization errors are analyzed. Analytical expressions and numerical results for the power of inter-carrier interference (ICI) are presented. It is shown that the OFDM-based receivers are quite sensitive to residual synchronization errors. In wide-sense stationary uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS) frequency-selective fading channels, the sampling clock timing offset results in rotation of the subcarrier constellation, while carrier frequency offsets and phase jitter cause inter-carrier interference. The overall system performance in terms of symbol error rate is limited by the inter-carrier interference. For a reliable information reception, compensatory measures must be taken. The second part of this dissertation deals with the impact of spatial diversity (usage of multiple transmit/receive antennas) on synchronization. It is found that with multiple transmit and receive antennas, MIMO-OFDM systems can take advantage of the spatial diversity to combat carrier and timing synchronization imperfections. Diversity can favorably improve the synchronization performance. Data-aided and non-data-aided maximum likelihood symbol timing estimators for MIMO-OFDM systems are introduced. Computer simulations show that, by exploiting the spatial diversity, synchronization performance of MIMO-OFDM systems in terms of mean squared error (MSE) of residual timing offset becomes significantly more reliable when compared to conventional SISO OFDM systems. Therefore, spatial diversity is a useful technique to be exploited in the deployment of MIMO-OFDM communication systems. In MIMO systems with synchronization sequences, timing synchronization is treated as a multiple hypotheses testing problem. Generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) statistics are developed for MIMO systems in frequency flat channels and MIMO-OFDM systems in frequency selective fading environments. The asymptotic performance of the GLRT without nuisance parameters is carried out. It is shown that the asymptotic performance of the GLRT can serve as an upper bound for the detection probability in the presence of a limited number of observations as well as a benchmark for comparing the performances of different timing synchronizers

    System design and validation of multi-band OFDM wireless communications with multiple antennas

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    Low complexity pre-equalization algorithms for zero-padded block transmission

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    The zero-padded block transmission with linear time-domain pre-equalizer is studied in this paper. A matched filter is exploited to guarantee the stability of the zero-forcing (ZF) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) pre-equalization. Then, in order to compute the pre-equalizers efficiently, an asymptotic decomposition is developed for the positive-definite Hermitian banded Toeplitz matrix. Compared to the direct matrix inverse methods or the Levinson-Durbin algorithm, the computational complexity of the proposed algorithm is significantly decreased and there is no bit error rate degradation when data block length is large. 漏 2010 IEEE.published_or_final_versio

    Next generation passive optical networks based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing techniques

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    In recent decades, the industry of communications has acquired huge significance, and nowadays constitutes an essential tool for the society information. Thus, the exponential growth in demand of broadband services and the increasing amount of information to be transmitted have spurred the evolution of the access network infrastructure to effectively meet the user needs in an effective way in terms of costs of both installation and maintenance. Passive optical networks (PON) are currently considered the most efficient and least costly alternative to deploy fiber to the home environment. In order to allow many users simultaneously coexist PONs based on time multiplexing (TDMA) have been developed. Looking ahead, however, it is expected that these techniques do not meet the requirements on access networks. In consequence, other multiple access techniques such as Wavelength Division Multiplexing Access (WDMA) or Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (OFDMA) are currently under study and development for use in the next generation of PONs. Particularly, in recent years OFDM has stood out among the scientific community to be considered a solution with great potential on future implementation of PONs. This is especially true due to the capacity of OFDM to work with multilevel modulations, its high tolerance to chromatic dispersion, and its high flexibility and granularity in terms of bandwidth management. Given the above, the aim of this Thesis is to study deeply the advantages and challenges of implementing the standard OFDM as an access network solution; likewise, it offers solutions to improve its performance. In order to evaluate the main structures and strategies for OFDM-based PON, a comparative analysis of all of them is performed firstly, highlighting their sensitivity levels, maximum range and number of users. A key aspect for network providers is the cost of operation, deployment and maintenance of networks. As a low-cost solution, this Thesis proposes a network model called Statistical-OFDMA-PON based on intensity modulation and direct detection. In addition, dynamic bandwidth management strategies are applied into this model getting an improvement in the power balance which in turn, allows to increase the maximum range and the scalability in number of users. One of the main OFDM problems is the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) which increases with the number of carriers. This thesis proposes a new algorithm based on folding the signal and transmitting auxiliary information in order to compensate the PAPR effect and thus increase the sensitivity of the optical system. On the other hand, OFDMA requires a large number of operations in the digital domain resulting in a high computational effort, which in turn results in an increased cost. For this reason, this Thesis presents a study on the optimization of the required resolution in the Digital-to-Analog / Analog-to-Digital Converters (DAC/ADCs) maintaining the transmission quality. The optimization of the computation time may make the OFDMA-based optical network more attractive for future PONs. Finally, another problem concerning the OFDM optical networks is their sensitivity to Phase Noise (PN). In this regard, this Thesis presents a study of the effect of the laser linewidth and its dependence on signal bandwidth. A mitigation technique based on pilot tones is implemented and the limiting values for the laser linewidth are found to be within the reach of present low-cost light sources.En estas 煤ltimas d茅cadas, la industria de las comunicaciones ha adquirido gran importancia y hoy en d铆a, constituye una herramienta imprescindible para el funcionamiento en la sociedad de la informaci贸n. As铆 pues, el crecimiento exponencial en la demanda de servicios de banda ancha y la carga de informaci贸n cada vez mayor que se necesita transmitir ha estimulado la evoluci贸n de las infraestructuras del tramo de acceso a la red para poder satisfacer las necesidades del usuario de forma efectiva en t茅rminos de costes de instalaci贸n y de mantenimiento. Las redes 贸pticas pasivas (Passive Optical Networks, PON) son actualmente consideradas la alternativa m谩s eficiente y de menor coste para desplegar fibra hasta los hogares. Con el fin de permitir que muchos usuarios coexistan simult谩neamente se han desarrollado PONs basadas en multiplexaci贸n en tiempo (Time Division Multiplexing Access, TDMA). De cara al futuro, sin embargo, se prev茅 que estas t茅cnicas no permitan cubrir las exigencias sobre las redes de acceso. En consecuencia, otras t茅cnicas de acceso m煤ltiple al medio como el acceso m煤ltiple por divisi贸n de longitud de onda (Wavelength Division Multiplexing Access, WDMA) o el acceso m煤ltiple por divisi贸n de frecuencia ortogonal (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access, OFDMA) se encuentran actualmente en proceso de estudio y desarrollo para su uso en la futura generaci贸n de PONs. En concreto, en los 煤ltimos a帽os OFDM se ha destacado entre la comunidad cient铆fica al considerarse una soluci贸n con gran potencial para su futura implantaci贸n en redes de acceso pasivas. Esto es especialmente cierto debido a la capacidad que el OFDM para trabajar con modulaciones multinivel, as铆 como su alta tolerancia a la dispersi贸n crom谩tica y a la gran flexibilidad y granularidad que posibilita en t茅rminos de gesti贸n del ancho de banda. Por todo lo anterior, el objetivo de esta Tesis es estudiar con profundidad las ventajas y los retos de aplicar el est谩ndar OFDM como soluci贸n de red de acceso; del mismo modo, ofrece soluciones para mejorar su rendimiento. Con el objetivo de evaluar las principales estructuras basadas en OFDM-PON, en primer lugar se realiza un an谩lisis comparativo de todas ellas destacando sus niveles de sensibilidad, m谩ximo alcance y n煤mero de usuarios. Un aspecto fundamental para los proveedores de red es el coste de operaci贸n, despliegue y mantenimiento de las redes. Como soluci贸n de bajo coste, esta Tesis propone un modelo de red llamado Statistical-OFDMA-PON que se basa en modulaci贸n de intensidad y detecci贸n directa. Adem谩s, este modelo se completa con estrategias de gesti贸n din谩mica del ancho de banda de los usuarios que conforman la estructura de red propuesta consiguiendo una mejora en el balance de potencias que permite aumentar distancia y n煤mero de usuarios. Uno de los principales problemas del OFDM es el alto nivel de la relaci贸n de potencia de pico a potencia media (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio, PAPR) creciente con el n煤mero de portadoras. Esta Tesis propone un nuevo algoritmo basado en el pliegue de la se帽al y la transmisi贸n de informaci贸n auxiliar para compensar el efecto del PAPR aumentando as铆 la sensibilidad del sistema 贸ptico. Por otro lado, OFDMA requiere un n煤mero elevado de operaciones en el dominio digital resultando en un alto esfuerzo computacional que a su vez se traduce en un aumento del coste. Por esta raz贸n, esta Tesis presenta un estudio sobre la optimizaci贸n de la resoluci贸n requerida en los conversores anal贸gicodigital (Digital-to-Analog/Analog-to-Digital Converters, DAC/ADCs) manteniendo la calidad de transmisi贸n. La optimizaci贸n del tiempo de c贸mputo requerido puede dotar de un mayor atractivo la soluci贸n de red 贸ptica basada en OFDMA. Finalmente, otro de los problemas que presentan las redes 贸pticas OFDM es su sensibilidad frente al ruido de fase (Phase Noise, PN). En este aspecto, esta Tesis presenta un estudio del efecto del ancho de l铆nea del l谩ser y su dependencia con el ancho de banda de la se帽al. T茅cnicas de mitigaci贸n basadas en tonos piloto han sido implementadas y se han encontrado los valores limitantes del ancho de l铆nea dentro del alcance de los l谩seres de bajo coste

    Advanced receiver structures for mobile MIMO multicarrier communication systems

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    Beyond third generation (3G) and fourth generation (4G) wireless communication systems are targeting far higher data rates, spectral efficiency and mobility requirements than existing 3G networks. By using multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology allows improving both the spectral efficiency (bits/s/Hz), the coverage, and link reliability of the system. Multicarrier modulation such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a powerful technique to handle impairments specific to the wireless radio channel. The combination of multicarrier modulation together with MIMO signaling provides a feasible physical layer technology for future beyond 3G and fourth generation communication systems. The theoretical benefits of MIMO and multicarrier modulation may not be fully achieved because the wireless transmission channels are time and frequency selective. Also, high data rates call for a large bandwidth and high carrier frequencies. As a result, an important Doppler spread is likely to be experienced, leading to variations of the channel over very short period of time. At the same time, transceiver front-end imperfections, mobility and rich scattering environments cause frequency synchronization errors. Unlike their single-carrier counterparts, multi-carrier transmissions are extremely sensitive to carrier frequency offsets (CFO). Therefore, reliable channel estimation and frequency synchronization are necessary to obtain the benefits of MIMO OFDM in mobile systems. These two topics are the main research problems in this thesis. An algorithm for the joint estimation and tracking of channel and CFO parameters in MIMO OFDM is developed in this thesis. A specific state-space model is introduced for MIMO OFDM systems impaired by multiple carrier frequency offsets under time-frequency selective fading. In MIMO systems, multiple frequency offsets are justified by mobility, rich scattering environment and large angle spread, as well as potentially separate radio frequency - intermediate frequency chains. An extended Kalman filter stage tracks channel and CFO parameters. Tracking takes place in time domain, which ensures reduced computational complexity, robustness to estimation errors as well as low estimation variance in comparison to frequency domain processing. The thesis also addresses the problem of blind carrier frequency synchronization in OFDM. Blind techniques exploit statistical or structural properties of the OFDM modulation. Two novel approaches are proposed for blind fine CFO estimation. The first one aims at restoring the orthogonality of the OFDM transmission by exploiting the properties of the received signal covariance matrix. The second approach is a subspace algorithm exploiting the correlation of the channel frequency response among the subcarriers. Both methods achieve reliable estimation of the CFO regardless of multipath fading. The subspace algorithm needs extremely small sample support, which is a key feature in the face of time-selective channels. Finally, the Cram茅r-Rao (CRB) bound is established for the problem in order to assess the large sample performance of the proposed algorithms.reviewe

    Characterization and design of coherent optical OFDM transmission systems based on Hartley Transform

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    Nowadays, due to huge deployment of optical transport networks, a continuous increase towards higher data rates up to 100 Gb/s and beyond is observed. Furthermore, an evolution of the current optical networks is forecasted, acquiring new functionalities, e.g. elastic spectrum assignment for the optical signals. The target for these new challenges in transmission is to find techniques ready to deal with a growth of demand for bandwidth continuously asked by network operators, for whom the standard systems do not meet the new functionalities while higher rates are being set up. A solution for covering all of those needs is to adapt techniques capable to deal with such enormous data rates, and ensuring the same high efficiency for long distances and mitigate the optical impairments accumulated along the transmission path. Additionally, these transmission techniques are expected to provide some degree of flexibility, in order to enhance the network flexibility. A promising technology that can fully cope with those requires is the coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM). CO-OFDM provides several advantages, namely high sensitivity and spectral efficiency, simple integration and possibility to fully recover a signal in phase, amplitude and polarization. These systems are composed by digital signal processing (DSP) blocks that easily process data and can equalize and compensate the main impairments, providing high tolerance for dispersion effects. However, CO-OFDM systems are not free from drawbacks. Their high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduce their tolerance to nonlinearities. Furthermore, CO-OFDM systems are sensitive to any frequency shift and phase offset. Hence, a constant envelope optical OFDM (CE-OFDM) is proposed for significantly reducing the PAPR and solving high sensitivity to nonlinear impairments. It consists in a phase modulated discrete multi-tone signal, which is coherently detected at the receiver side. An alternative transform, the discrete Hartley transform, is proposed to speed up calculations in the DSP and eliminate the need to have a Hermitian symmetry. The optical CE-OFDM by its unique flexibility and rate scalability turns out as a great technology applicable to different configurations, ranging from access to core networks. In case of access solutions, several cases are investigated. First, the optical CE-OFDM is applied for radio access network signals delivery by means of a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) overlay in deployed access architecture. A decomposed radio access network is deployed over an existing standard passive optical network (PON), capable to avoid interference and cross talks with access signals between network clients. The system exhibited narrow channel spacing, while reducing losses fed into the access equipment path. Next, a full duplex 10 Gb/s bidirectional PON transmission over a single wavelength with RSOA based ONU is investigated. The key point of that system is the upstream transmission, which is achieved re-modulating the phase of a downstream intensity modulated signal after proper saturation. The reported sensitivity performances show a power budget matching the PON standards and an OSNR easy to reach on non-amplified PON. Next, a flexible metropolitan area network of up to 100km with traffic add/drop using WDM is investigated. There the narrowing effect of the optical filters is studied. Finally, an elastic upgrade of the existing Telefonica model of the Spanish national core network is proposed. For that, the transceiver architecture is proposed to be operated featuring polarization multiplexing. Respect to the existing fixed grid, the flexible approach (enabled by the CE-OFDM transceiver) results into reduced bandwidth occupancy and low OSNR requirement.Hoy en d铆a, debido al gran despliegue de las redes de 贸pticas de transporte, se espera un aumento continuado hacia mayores velocidades de datos, hasta 100 Gb/s y m谩s all谩. Por otra parte, la evoluci贸n que se prev茅 para las redes 贸pticas actuales, incluye la adquisici贸n de nuevas funcionalidades, por ejemplo, la asignaci贸n del espectro de forma el谩stica para las se帽ales 贸pticas. Por tanto, el claro desaf铆o en cuanto a las tecnolog铆as de transmisi贸n es encontrar t茅cnicas preparadas para hacer frente a un crecimiento de la demanda de ancho de banda; demanda que continuamente se incrementa por parte de los operadores de red, para quienes los sistemas est谩ndar no se acaban de ajustar a las nuevas funcionalidades que esperan para la red. Una soluci贸n para cubrir todas estas necesidades es la adaptaci贸n de t茅cnicas capaces de hacer frente a estas velocidades de datos enormes, y garantizar el mismo nivel de eficiencia para las largas distancias y mitigar las deficiencias 贸pticas acumuladas a lo largo de la ruta de transmisi贸n. Adem谩s, se espera que estas t茅cnicas de transmisi贸n puedan proporcionar cierto grado de flexibilidad, a fin de mejorar y hacer m谩s eficiente la gesti贸n de la red. Una tecnolog铆a prometedora que puede hacer frente a estos requisitos es lo que se llama multiplexaci贸n por divisi贸n de frecuencias ortogonales, combinado con la detecci贸n 贸ptica coherente (CO-OFDM). CO-OFDM ofrece varias ventajas, entre otras: alta sensibilidad y eficiencia espectral y, sobre todo, la posibilidad de recuperar por completo de una se帽al en fase, la amplitud y la polarizaci贸n. Estos sistemas est谩n compuestos por bloques de procesado de se帽ales digitales (DSP) que permiten detectar los datos f谩cilmente as铆 como tambi茅n compensar las principales degradaciones, proporcionando alta tolerancia a los efectos de dispersi贸n. Sin embargo, los sistemas CO-OFDM no est谩n exentos de inconvenientes. Su alta relaci贸n de potencia de pico a potencia media (PAPR) reduce sensiblemente la tolerancia no linealidades. Por otra parte, los sistemas CO-OFDM son sensibles a cualquier cambio de frecuencia y desplazamiento de fase. Por tanto, se propone un sistema OFDM de envolvente constante (CE-OFDM) para reducir significativamente la PAPR y solucionar la alta sensibilidad a las degradaciones no lineales. Consiste en una se帽al OFDM modulada en fase, que se detecta coherentemente en el receptor. Una transformada alternativa, la transformada discreta de Hartley, se propone para acelerar los c谩lculos en el DSP. El sistema CE-OFDM por su flexibilidad y escalabilidad 煤nica, resulta una tecnolog铆a aplicable a diferentes escenarios, que van desde las redes de acceso hasta las redes troncales. En el caso de las soluciones de acceso, se investigan varios casos. En primer lugar, el CE-OFDM aplica para el desarrollo y soporte de datos de una red radio, reutilizando una red 贸ptica de acceso ya desplegada. A continuaci贸n, se investiga la transmisi贸n bidireccional d煤plex a 10 Gb / s sobre una sola longitud de onda empleando un RSOA a las unidades de usuario. El punto clave de este sistema es la transmisi贸n en sentido ascendente, que se consigue re-modulando la fase de una se帽al de intensidad modulada despu茅s de saturar de forma adecuada. A continuaci贸n, se estudia una red de 谩rea metropolitana flexible de hasta 100 km. Concretamente el efecto de concatenaci贸n de filtros 贸pticos es el objetivo de este estudio. Finalmente, se propone una actualizaci贸n el谩stica del modelo de Telef贸nica I+D para la red troncal espa帽ola. Por ello, se propone operar el CE-OFDM en multiplexaci贸n de polarizaci贸n. Los resultados muestran que esta combinaci贸n reduce sensiblemente el empleo de ancho de banda esto como los requisitos de los enlaces transmisi贸n, reduciendo tambi茅n los costes tanto de desarrollo como de operaci贸n y mantenimiento de la red.Avui dia, a causa del gran desplegament de les xarxes de 貌ptiques de transport, s'espera un augment continuat cap a majors velocitats de dades, fins a 100 Gb/s i m茅s enll脿. D'altra banda, l'evoluci贸 que es preveu per a les xarxes 貌ptiques actuals, inclou l'adquisici贸 de noves funcionalitats, per exemple, assignaci贸 de l'espectre de forma el脿stica per als senyals 貌ptics. Per tant, el clar desafiament pel que fa a les tecnologies de transmissi贸 茅s trobar t猫cniques preparades per fer front a un creixement de la demanda d'ample de banda; demanda que cont铆nuament es fa per part dels operadors de xarxa, per als qui els sistemes est脿ndard no s'acaben d'ajustar a les noves funcionalitats que esperen per a la xarxa. Una soluci贸 per a cobrir totes aquestes necessitats 茅s l'adaptaci贸 de t猫cniques capaces de fer front a aquestes velocitats de dades enormes, i garantir el mateix nivell d'efici猫ncia per a les llargues dist脿ncies i mitigar les defici猫ncies 貌ptiques acumulades al llarg de la ruta de transmissi贸. A m茅s, s'espera que aquestes t猫cniques de transmissi贸 puguin proporcionar cert grau de flexibilitat, per tal de millorar i tornar m茅s eficient la gesti贸 de la xarxa. Una tecnologia prometedora que pot fer front a aquests requisits 茅s el que s'anomena multiplexaci贸 per divisi贸 de freq眉猫ncies ortogonals, combinat amb la detecci贸 貌ptica coherent (CO-OFDM). CO-OFDM ofereix diversos avantatges, entre altres: alta sensibilitat i efici猫ncia espectral i, sobretot, la possibilitat de recuperar per complet d'una senyal en fase, l'amplitud i la polaritzaci贸. Aquests sistemes estan compostos per blocs de processament de senyals digitals (DSP) que permeten detectar les dades f脿cilment aix铆 com tamb茅 compensar les principals degradacions, proporcionant alta toler脿ncia pels efectes de dispersi贸. No obstant aix貌, els sistemes CO-OFDM no estan exempts d'inconvenients. La seva alta relaci贸 de pot猫ncia de pic a pot猫ncia mitjana (PAPR) redueix sensiblement la toler脿ncia a no linealitats. D'altra banda, els sistemes de CO-OFDM s贸n sensibles a qualsevol canvi de freq眉猫ncia i despla莽ament de fase. Per tant, es proposa un sistema OFDM d'envolvent constant (CE-OFDM) per a reduir significativament la PAPR i solucionar l'alta sensibilitat a les degradacions no lineals. Consisteix en un senyal OFDM modulat en fase, que es detecta coherentment en el receptor. Una transformada alternativa, la transformada discreta d'Hartley, es proposa accelerar els c脿lculs en el DSP. El sistema CE-OFDM per la seva flexibilitat i escalabilitat 煤nica, resulta una tecnologia aplicable a diferents escenaris, que van des de les xarxes d'acc茅s fins a les xarxes troncals. En el cas de les solucions d'acc茅s, s'investiguen diversos casos. En primer lloc, el CE-OFDM s'aplica per al desplegament i suport de dades d'una xarxa radio, reutilitzant una xarxa 貌ptica d'acc茅s ja desplegada. A continuaci贸, s'investiga la transmissi贸 bidireccional d煤plex a 10 Gb/s sobre una sola longitud d'ona emprant un RSOA a les unitats d'usuari. El punt clau d'aquest sistema 茅s la transmissi贸 en sentit ascendent, que s'aconsegueix re-modulant la fase d'un senyal d'intensitat modulada despr茅s de saturar-la de forma adequada. A continuaci贸, s'estudia una xarxa d'脿rea metropolitana flexible de fins a 100 km. Concretament l'efecte de concatenaci贸 de filtres 貌ptics 茅s l'objectiu d'aquest estudi. Finalment, es proposa una actualitzaci贸 el脿stica del model de Telef贸nica I+D per a la xarxa troncal espanyola. Per aix貌, es proposa operar el CE-OFDM en multiplexaci贸 de polaritzaci贸. Els resultats mostren que aquesta combinaci贸 redueix sensiblement l'ocupaci贸 d'ample de banda aix貌 com tamb茅 els requisits dels enlla莽os transmissi贸, reduint tamb茅 els costos tant de desplegament com d'operaci贸 i manteniment de la xarxa
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