Smart Grid Technologies and Implementations

Smart grid has been advocated in both developing and developed countries in many years to deal with large amount of energy deficit and air pollutions. However, many literatures talked about some specific technologies and implementations, few of them could give a clear picture on the smart grid implementations in a macro scale like what is the main consideration for the smart grid implementations, how to examine the power system operation with communication network deployment, how to determine the optimal technology scheme with consideration of economic and political constraints, and so on. Governments and related institutions are keen to evaluate the cost and benefit of new technologies or mechanisms in a scientific way rather than making decision blindly. Decision Support System, which is an information system based on interactive computers to support decision making in planning, management, operations for evaluating technologies, is an essential tool to provide decision makers with powerful scientific evidence. The objective of the thesis is to identify the data and information processing technologies and mechanisms which will enable the further development of decision support systems that can be used to evaluate the indices for smart grid technology investment in the future. First of all, the thesis introduces the smart grid and its features and technologies in order to clarify the benefits can be obtained from smart grid deployment in many aspects such as economics, environment, reliability, efficiency, security and safety. Besides, it is necessary to understand power system business and operation scenarios which may affect the communication network model. This thesis, for the first time, will give detailed requirements for smart grid simulation according to the power system business and operation. In addition, state of art monitoring system and communication system involved in smart grid for better demand side management will be reviewed in order to find out their impacts reflecting to the power systems. The methods and algorithms applied to the smart grid monitoring, communication technologies for smart grid are summarized and the monitoring systems are compared with each other to see the merits and drawbacks in each type of the monitoring system. In smart grid environment, large number of data are need to be processed and useful information are required to be abstracted for further operation in power systems. Machine learning is a useful tool for data mining and prediction. One of the typical machine learning artificial algorithms, artificial neural network (ANN) for load forecasting in large power system is proposed in this thesis and different learning methods of back-propagation, Quasi-Newton and Levenberg-Marquardt, are compared with each other to seek the best result in load forecasting. Bad load forecasting may leads to demand and generation mismatch, which could cause blackout in power systems. Load shedding schemes are powerful defender for power system from collapsing and keep the grid in integral to a maximum extent. A lesson learned from India blackout in July 2012 is analyzed and recommendations on preventing grid from blackout are given in this work. Also, a new load shedding schemes for an isolated system is proposed in this thesis to take full advantage from information sharing and communication network deployment in smart grid. Lastly, the new trend of decision support system (DSS) for smart grid implementation is summarized and reliability index and stability scenarios for cost benefit analysis are under DSS consideration. Many countries and organizations are setting renewable penetration goals when planning the contribution to reduce the greenhouse gas emission in the future 10 or 20 years. For instance, UK government is expecting to produce 27% of renewable energies EU-wide before 2030. Some simulations have been carried out to demonstrate the physical insight of a power system operation with renewable energy integration and to study the non-dispatchable energy source penetration level. Meanwhile, issues from power system reliability which may affect consumers are required to take into account. Reliability index of Centralized wind generations and that of distributed wind generations are compared with each other under an investment perspective

Telecommunications for a deregulated power industry

Telecommunication plays a very important role in the effective monitoring and control of the power grid. Deregulation of the US power industry has enabled utilities to explore various communication options and advanced technologies. Utilities are increasingly investing in distributed resources, dynamic real-time monitoring, automated meter reading, and value added services like home energy management systems and broadband access for its customers. Telecommunication options like power line communications (PLC) and satellites are fast replacing legacy telephone and microwave systems in the US.;The objective of this thesis is to study the communication options that are available for utilities today. Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are analyzed in detail and communication delays due to the use of PMUs in wide area measurement systems (WAMS) are also studied. The highlight of this thesis is a close look at the characteristics of the power line channel by presenting a power line channel model and the use of digital modulation techniques like SS and OFDM, which help overcome the effects of such a hostile medium of communication. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Innovation in Energy Systems

It has been a little over a century since the inception of interconnected networks and little has changed in the way that they are operated. Demand-supply balance methods, protection schemes, business models for electric power companies, and future development considerations have remained the same until very recently. Distributed generators, storage devices, and electric vehicles have become widespread and disrupted century-old bulk generation - bulk transmission operation. Distribution networks are no longer passive networks and now contribute to power generation. Old billing and energy trading schemes cannot accommodate this change and need revision. Furthermore, bidirectional power flow is an unprecedented phenomenon in distribution networks and traditional protection schemes require a thorough fix for proper operation. This book aims to cover new technologies, methods, and approaches developed to meet the needs of this changing field

Cost effective technology applied to domotics and smart home energy management systems

Premio extraordinario de Trabajo Fin de Máster curso 2019/2020. Máster en Energías Renovables DistribuidasIn this document is presented the state of art for domotics cost effective technologies available on market nowadays, and how to apply them in Smart Home Energy Management Systems (SHEMS) allowing peaks shaving, renewable management and home appliance controls, always in cost effective context in order to be massively applied. Additionally, beyond of SHEMS context, it will be also analysed how to apply this technology in order to increase homes energy efficiency and monitoring of home appliances. Energy management is one of the milestones for distributed renewable energy spread; since renewable energy sources are not time-schedulable, are required control systems capable of the management for exchanging energy between conventional sources (power grid), renewable sources and energy storage sources. With the proposed approach, there is a first block dedicated to show an overview of Smart Home Energy Management Systems (SMHEMS) classical architecture and functional modules of SHEMS; next step is to analyse principles which has allowed some devices to become a cost-effective technology. Once the technology has been analysed, it will be reviewed some specific resources (hardware and software) available on marked for allowing low cost SHEMS. Knowing the “tools” available; it will be shown how to adapt classical SHEMS to cost effective technology. Such way, this document will show some specific applications of SHEMS. Firstly, in a general point of view, comparing the proposed low-cost technology with one of the main existing commercial proposals; and secondly, developing the solution for a specific real case.En este documento se aborda el estado actual de la domótica de bajo coste disponible en el mercado actualmente y cómo aplicarlo en los sistemas inteligentes de gestión energética en la vivienda (SHEMS) permitiendo el recorte de las puntas de demanda, gestión de energías renovables y control de electrodomésticos, siempre en el contexto del bajo coste, con el objetivo de lograr la máxima difusión de los SHEMS. Adicionalmente, más allá del contexto de la tecnología SHEMS, se analizará cómo aplicar esta tecnología para aumentar la eficiencia energética de los hogares y para la supervisión de los electrodomésticos. La gestión energética es uno de los factores principales para lograr la difusión de las energías renovables distribuidas; debido a que las fuentes de energía renovable no pueden ser planificadas, se requieren sistemas de control capaces de gestionar el intercambio de energía entre las fuentes convencionales (red eléctrica de distribución), energías renovables y dispositivos de almacenamiento energético. Bajo esta perspectiva, este documento presenta un primer bloque en el que se exponen las bases de la arquitectura y módulos funcionales de los sistemas inteligentes de gestión energética en la vivienda (SHEMS); el siguiente paso será analizar los principios que han permitido a ciertos dispositivos convertirse en dispositivos de bajo coste. Una vez analizada la tecnología, nos centraremos en los recursos (hardware y software) existentes que permitirán la realización de un SHEMS a bajo coste. Conocidas las “herramientas” a nuestra disposición, se mostrará como adaptar un esquema SHEMS clásico a la tecnología de bajo coste. Primeramente, comparando de modo genérico la tecnología de bajo coste con una de las principales propuestas comerciales de SHEMS, para seguidamente desarrollar la solución de bajo coste a un caso específico real

Innovation in Energy Systems

It has been a little over a century since the inception of interconnected networks and little has changed in the way that they are operated. Demand-supply balance methods, protection schemes, business models for electric power companies, and future development considerations have remained the same until very recently. Distributed generators, storage devices, and electric vehicles have become widespread and disrupted century-old bulk generation - bulk transmission operation. Distribution networks are no longer passive networks and now contribute to power generation. Old billing and energy trading schemes cannot accommodate this change and need revision. Furthermore, bidirectional power flow is an unprecedented phenomenon in distribution networks and traditional protection schemes require a thorough fix for proper operation. This book aims to cover new technologies, methods, and approaches developed to meet the needs of this changing field