Segmentation algorithms for ear image data towards biomechanical studies

In recent years, the segmentation, i.e. the identification, of ear structures in video-otoscopy, computerised tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) image data, has gained significant importance in the medical imaging area, particularly those in CT and MR imaging. Segmentation is the fundamental step of any automated technique for supporting the medical diagnosis and, in particular, in biomechanics studies, for building realistic geometric models of ear structures. In this paper, a review of the algorithms used in ear segmentation is presented. The review includes an introduction to the usually biomechanical modelling approaches and also to the common imaging modalities. Afterwards, several segmentation algorithms for ear image data are described, and their specificities and difficulties as well as their advantages and disadvantages are identified and analysed using experimental examples. Finally, the conclusions are presented as well as a discussion about possible trends for future research concerning the ear segmentation.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Computational processing and analysis of ear images

Tese de mestrado. Engenharia Biomédica. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 201

The Development of Image Processing System for Medical Robot Remote Application

In this paper, web-base image processing system has been implemented for remote-controlled medical robot applications. The developed software system was hierarchically composed of diverse image processing and remote operation modules, and the hierarchical composition was satisfied the expandability to higher level application and the accessibility over the web. It can also support diverse file formats including DICOM, VRML, and CAD(STL) to display, transmit, store and share the processed images depending on application environment. Message-based data exchange, object-oriented module and open-source based software configuration will enable the dynamic combination associated with diverse remote medical application requirements.ope

Patientenspezifische Planung für die Multi-Port Otobasischirurgie

Bisher werden Operationen im Bereich der seitlichen Schädelbasis (Otobasis) stark invasiv durchgeführt. Um die Traumatisierung für den Patienten zu reduzieren, wird seit kurzem ein Multi-Port Ansatz untersucht, bei dem bis zu drei dünne Bohrkanäle von der Schädeloberfläche bis zum Operationsziel angelegt werden. Aufgrund der Minimalinvasivität des neuen Eingriffs ist die visuelle Kontrolle durch den Chirurgen nicht mehr möglich. Somit ist eine präzise patientenspezifische Planung basierend auf Bilddaten zwingend erforderlich. Der Fokus dieser Arbeit liegt daher auf der Planung eines Multi-Port Eingriffs basierend auf patientenspezifischen Modellen. Zur Generierung dieser Modelle habe ich zunächst Methoden für die Segmentierung der Risikostrukturen der Otobasis in Computertomographiedaten entwickelt. Die Herausforderungen dabei sind die geringe Größe der Strukturen, der fehlende Kontrast zum umliegenden Gewebe sowie die zum Teil variierende Form und Bildintensität. Daher schlage ich die Verwendung eines modellbasierten Ansatzes – das Probabilistic Active Shape Model – vor. Dieses habe ich für die Risikostrukturen der Otobasis adaptiert und intensiv evaluiert. Dabei habe ich gezeigt, dass die Segmentierungsgenauigkeit im Bereich der manuellen Segmentierungsgenauigkeit liegt. Ferner habe ich Methoden für die automatische Planung der Bohrkanäle basierend auf den durch die Segmentierung gewonnenen patientenspezifischen Modellen entwickelt. Die Herausforderung hierbei ist, dass der Multi-Port Eingriff noch nicht im klinischen Einsatz ist und somit Erfahrung mit der neuen Strategie fehlt. Daher wurde zunächst ein Planungstool zur Berechnung einer Menge von zulässigen Bohrkanälen entwickelt und die manuelle Auswahl einer Bohrkanalkombination ermöglicht. Damit haben zwei Ärzte eine erste Machbarkeitsanalyse durchgeführt. Die so gewonnene Erfahrung und Datenbasis habe ich formalisiert und ein Modell für die automatische Planung einer Bohrkanalkombination abgeleitet. Die Evaluation zeigt, dass auf diese Weise Bohrkanalkombinationen vergleichbar mit der manuellen Wahl der Ärzte berechnet werden können. Damit ist erstmals die computergestützte Planung eines Multi-Port Eingriffs an der Otobasis möglich

Semiautomatic Segmentation of the Cochlea Using Real-Time Volume Rendering and Regional Adaptive Snake Modeling

The human cochlea in the inner ear is the organ of hearing. Segmentation is a prerequisite step for 3-dimensional modeling and analysis of the cochlea. It may have uses in the clinical practice of otolaryngology and neuroradiology, as well as for cochlear implant research. In this report, an interactive, semiautomatic, coarse-to-fine segmentation approach is developed on a personal computer with a real-time volume rendering board. In the coarse segmentation, parameters, including the intensity range and the volume of interest, are defined to roughly segment the cochlea through user interaction. In the fine segmentation, a regional adaptive snake model designed as a refining operator separates the cochlea from other anatomic structures. The combination of the image information and expert knowledge enables the deformation of the regional adaptive snake effectively to the cochlear boundary, whereas the real-time volume rendering provides users with direct 3-dimensional visual feedback to modify intermediate parameters and finalize the segmentation. The performance is tested using spiral computed tomography (CT) images of the temporal bone and compared with the seed point region growing with manual modification of the commercial Analyze software. Our method represents an optimal balance between the efficiency of automatic algorithm and the accuracy of manual work.ope

Medical Robotics

The first generation of surgical robots are already being installed in a number of operating rooms around the world. Robotics is being introduced to medicine because it allows for unprecedented control and precision of surgical instruments in minimally invasive procedures. So far, robots have been used to position an endoscope, perform gallbladder surgery and correct gastroesophogeal reflux and heartburn. The ultimate goal of the robotic surgery field is to design a robot that can be used to perform closed-chest, beating-heart surgery. The use of robotics in surgery will expand over the next decades without any doubt. Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) is a revolutionary approach in surgery. In MIS, the operation is performed with instruments and viewing equipment inserted into the body through small incisions created by the surgeon, in contrast to open surgery with large incisions. This minimizes surgical trauma and damage to healthy tissue, resulting in shorter patient recovery time. The aim of this book is to provide an overview of the state-of-art, to present new ideas, original results and practical experiences in this expanding area. Nevertheless, many chapters in the book concern advanced research on this growing area. The book provides critical analysis of clinical trials, assessment of the benefits and risks of the application of these technologies. This book is certainly a small sample of the research activity on Medical Robotics going on around the globe as you read it, but it surely covers a good deal of what has been done in the field recently, and as such it works as a valuable source for researchers interested in the involved subjects, whether they are currently “medical roboticists” or not