8,003 research outputs found
Knowledge description and semantics in non-deductive reasoning
Desire to mechanize non-deductive reasoning has resulted some fruits in the field of artificial intelligence. On induction, classification rule learning systems have been widely studied. On analogical reasoning, a problem solver that uses a similar experience in the past was proposed. On abduction, an efficient mechanism to manage consistency of sets of hypotheses is developed. However the past sudies also have problems. The first issue is on knowledge description. A way to describe a task of non-deductive reasoning system can hugely influence effectiveness of the system. The second issue is on semantics. A uique application of abduction on logic program is seldom discussed, though its semantics is widely studied. In analogical reasoning, a desire to implement practial systems has somehow postponed analyzing semantic nature of analogical reasoning. The thesis attempts to propose solutions for the problems. For the first issue, preprocess system or a subsystem that can change the description of the task is given for the main reasoning system. For the second issue, analogical reasoning is regarded as an application of abduction and its declarative semantics is given. The main outcomes of the thesis are as follows. ・・・Thesis (Ph. D. in Engineering)--University of Tsukuba, (B), no. 1547, 1999.7.23Bibliography: p. 97-102Titlepage, abstract -- Contents -- List of figures -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. On induction -- Chapter 3. On analogical reasoning -- Chapter 4. Creativity support system -- Chapter 5. On abduction -- Chapter 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Bibliograph
Analogical Truth-Conditions for Metaphors
It has often been said that metaphors are based on analogies, but the nature of this relation has never been made precise. This article rigorously and formally specifies two semantic relations that do obtain between some metaphors and analogies. We argue that analogies often provide conditions of meaningfulness and truth for metaphors. An analogy is treated as an isomorphism from a source to topic domain. Metaphors are thought of as surface structures. Formal analogical conditions of meaningfulness and truth are fully and rigorously worked out for several grammatical classes of metaphors. By providing analogical meaningfulness and truth conditions for metaphors, this article shows that truth-conditional semantics can be extended to metaphors
NETMET: A Program for Generating and Interpreting Metaphors
Metaphors have computable semantics. A program called NETMET both generates metaphors and produces partial literal interpretations of metaphors. NETMET is based on Kittay's semantic field theory of metaphor and Black's interaction theory of metaphor. Input to NETMET consists of a list of literal propositions. NETMET creates metaphors by finding topic and source semantic fields, producing an analogical map from source to topic, then generating utterances in which terms in the source are identified with or predicated of terms in the topic. Given a metaphor, NETMET utilizes if-then rules to generate the implication complex of that metaphor. The literal leaves of the implication complex comprise a partial literal interpretation
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Verbal analogy problem sets: An inventory of testing materials.
Analogical reasoning is an active topic of investigation across education, artificial intelligence (AI), cognitive psychology, and related fields. In all fields of inquiry, explicit analogy problems provide useful tools for investigating the mechanisms underlying analogical reasoning. Such sets have been developed by researchers working in the fields of educational testing, AI, and cognitive psychology. However, these analogy tests have not been systematically made accessible across all the relevant fields. The present paper aims to remedy this situation by presenting a working inventory of verbal analogy problem sets, intended to capture and organize sets from diverse sources
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Understanding analogical reasoning : viewpoints from psychology and related disciplines
Analogy and metaphor have a long history of study in linguistics, education, philosophy and psychology. Consensus over what analogy is or how analogy functions in language and thought, however, has been elusive. This paper, the first in a two part series, examines these various research traditions, attempting to bring out major lines of agreement over the role of analogy in individual human experience. As well as being a general literature review which may be helpful for newcomers to the study of analogy, this paper attempts to extract from these literatures existing theories, models and concepts which may be interesting or useful for computational studies of analogical reasoning
Analogy, Semantics, and Hermeneutics: The “Concept versus Judgment” Critique of Cajetan’s De Nominum Analogia
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