404,357 research outputs found
A paradox of syntactic priming: why response tendencies show priming for passives, and response latencies show priming for actives
Speakers tend to repeat syntactic structures across sentences, a phenomenon called syntactic priming. Although it has been suggested that repeating syntactic structures should result in speeded responses, previous research has focused on effects in response tendencies. We investigated syntactic priming effects simultaneously in response tendencies and response latencies for active and passive transitive sentences in a picture description task. In Experiment 1, there were priming effects in response tendencies for passives and in response latencies for actives. However, when participants' pre-existing preference for actives was altered in Experiment 2, syntactic priming occurred for both actives and passives in response tendencies as well as in response latencies. This is the first investigation of the effects of structure frequency on both response tendencies and latencies in syntactic priming. We discuss the implications of these data for current theories of syntactic processing
Active Learning with Statistical Models
For many types of machine learning algorithms, one can compute the
statistically `optimal' way to select training data. In this paper, we review
how optimal data selection techniques have been used with feedforward neural
networks. We then show how the same principles may be used to select data for
two alternative, statistically-based learning architectures: mixtures of
Gaussians and locally weighted regression. While the techniques for neural
networks are computationally expensive and approximate, the techniques for
mixtures of Gaussians and locally weighted regression are both efficient and
accurate. Empirically, we observe that the optimality criterion sharply
decreases the number of training examples the learner needs in order to achieve
good performance.Comment: See http://www.jair.org/ for any accompanying file
Carrots without Sticks: The Impacts of Job Search Assistance in a Regime with Minimal Monitoring and Sanctions. ESRI WP409, September 2011
This paper uses a high quality longitudinal dataset to assess the impact of an active labour market intervention consisting of referral for interview plus Job Search
Assistance (JSA) with the public employment service in Ireland during a period when both job search monitoring and sanctions were virtually nonâexistent. The results indicate that, relative to a control group with no intervention, unemployed individuals that were exposed to the interview letter and participated in JSA were 16 per cent less likely to have exited to employment prior to 12 months. The negative effects of the intervention approximately doubled when those that received a referral letter but did not attend a JSA interview were removed from the data. The
results held when tested against the underlying assumptions of the model, and the influences of both sample selection and unobserved heterogeneity bias. The negative treatment impact is attributed to individuals lowering their job search intensity on learning, through the JSA
activation interview, of the lax nature of the activation process. The research, which is unusual in the international literature in allowing the assessment of the impact of job search assistance in the virtual absence of monitoring and sanctions, highlights the need for effective monitoring and sanctions as integral components of labour market activation programmes
Can hierarchical predictive coding explain binocular rivalry?
Hohwy et al.âs (2008) model of binocular rivalry (BR) is taken as a classic illustration of predictive codingâs explanatory power. I revisit the account and show that it cannot explain the role of reward in BR. I then consider a more recent version of Bayesian model averaging, which recasts the role of reward in (BR) in terms of optimism bias. If we accept this account, however, then we must reconsider our conception of perception. On this latter view, I argue, organisms engage in what amounts to policy-driven, motivated perception
Automatic Curriculum Learning For Deep RL: A Short Survey
Automatic Curriculum Learning (ACL) has become a cornerstone of recent
successes in Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL).These methods shape the learning
trajectories of agents by challenging them with tasks adapted to their
capacities. In recent years, they have been used to improve sample efficiency
and asymptotic performance, to organize exploration, to encourage
generalization or to solve sparse reward problems, among others. The ambition
of this work is dual: 1) to present a compact and accessible introduction to
the Automatic Curriculum Learning literature and 2) to draw a bigger picture of
the current state of the art in ACL to encourage the cross-breeding of existing
concepts and the emergence of new ideas.Comment: Accepted at IJCAI202
CURIOUS: Intrinsically Motivated Modular Multi-Goal Reinforcement Learning
In open-ended environments, autonomous learning agents must set their own
goals and build their own curriculum through an intrinsically motivated
exploration. They may consider a large diversity of goals, aiming to discover
what is controllable in their environments, and what is not. Because some goals
might prove easy and some impossible, agents must actively select which goal to
practice at any moment, to maximize their overall mastery on the set of
learnable goals. This paper proposes CURIOUS, an algorithm that leverages 1) a
modular Universal Value Function Approximator with hindsight learning to
achieve a diversity of goals of different kinds within a unique policy and 2)
an automated curriculum learning mechanism that biases the attention of the
agent towards goals maximizing the absolute learning progress. Agents focus
sequentially on goals of increasing complexity, and focus back on goals that
are being forgotten. Experiments conducted in a new modular-goal robotic
environment show the resulting developmental self-organization of a learning
curriculum, and demonstrate properties of robustness to distracting goals,
forgetting and changes in body properties.Comment: Accepted at ICML 201
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