Characterization of structural changes in spinal vertebrae based on perturbations to an adaptive model

Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis, or DISH, is a disease characterized by ossification of the entheses and the anterior longitudinal ligament. The diagnosis is made by visual analysis of an X-ray by a professional using the Resnick Criterion. The different experience among professionals and the fact that this criterion is only suitable in advanced stages of the disease make diagnosis difficult. Therefore, this work aims to contribute to the development of an auxiliary diagnostic tool for this disease. For this, a semi-automatic vertebral segmentation algorithm based on active morphological contours was proposed, comparing it with previous work and with segmentations made by experts on two radiographic images. Next, the corners of the vertebrae, where the disease manifests itself, were analyzed in order to characterize images with DISH. To accomplish this, it was assumed symmetry of the vertebrae and a Gaussian distribution of the histograms of those corners to analyze them and calculate two ratios: Left upper corner mean value / Right upper corner mean value (LS/RS) and Left lower corner mean value / Right lower corner mean value (LI/RI), in order to find a differentiating metric between vertebrae with pathology and those without. The results achieved by the algorithm were clearly superior to the previous work and similar to that of the experts. The analysis of pathologic vertebrae revealed a difference in the shift of the distributions of pathologic corners relative to non-pathologic ones, which is not seen in vertebrae without apparent pathology. Regarding the ratios, the LI/RI proved to be particularly effective in differentiating, being closer to 1 when pathology is not present.A Hiperostose Esquelética Idiopática Difusa, ou DISH, é uma doença caracterizada pela ossificação das entéses e do ligamento longitudinal anterior. O diagnóstico é realizado pela análise visual de um raio-X, por um profissional, utilizando o Critério de Resnick. A diferente experiência entre profissionais e o facto de este critério só ser adequado em fases avançadas da doença tornam o diagnóstico difícil. Por isso, este trabalho visa contribuir para o desenvolvimento de um instrumento auxiliar de diagnóstico desta doença. Para isso, foi proposto um algoritmo de segmentação de vertebras, semi-automático, baseado em contornos morfológicos ativos, comparando-o com o trabalho anterior e com as segmentações feitas por especialistas em duas imagens radiográficas. De seguida, foram analisadas as extremidades das vértebras, onde a doença se manifesta, com o objetivo de identificar imagens com DISH. Para tal, assumiu-se a simetria das vértebras e uma distribuição Gaussiana dos histogramas das extremidades para analisar as mesmas e calcular dois rácios: Valor médio do canto superior esquerdo / Valor médio do canto superior direito(LS/RS) e valor médio do canto inferior esquerdo /Valor médio do canto inferior direito(LI/RI), a fim de encontrar uma métrica diferenciadora das vértebras com patologia das não patológicas. Os resultados conseguidos pelo algoritmo foram claramente superiores ao do trabalho anterior e semelhantes ao dos peritos. A análise das vértebras patológicas revelou uma diferença na deslocação das distribuições dos cantos patológicos relativamente aos não patológicos, o que não se verifica em vértebras sem patologia aparente. Relativamente aos rácios, o LI/RI mostrou ser particularmente eficaz na diferenciação, estando mais próximo de 1 quando a patologia não está presente

Detection of osteoporosis in lumbar spine [L1-L4] trabecular bone: a review article

The human bones are categorized based on elemental micro architecture and porosity. The porosity of the inner trabecular bone is high that is 40-95% and the nature of the bone is soft and spongy where as the cortical bone is harder and is less porous that is 5 to 15%. Osteoporosis is a disease that normally affects women usually after their menopause. It largely causes mild bone fractures and further stages lead to the demise of an individual. This analysis is on the basis of bone mineral density (BMD) standards obtained through a variety of scientific methods experimented from different skeletal regions. The detection of osteoporosis in lumbar spine has been widely recognized as a promising way to frequent fractures. Therefore, premature analysis of osteoporosis will estimate the risk of the bone fracture which prevents life threats. This paper focuses on the advanced technology in imaging systems and fracture probability analysis of osteoporosis detection. The various segmentation techniques are explored to examine osteoporosis in particular region of the image and further significant attributes are extracted using different methods to classify normal and abnormal (osteoporotic) bones. The limitations of the reviewed papers are more in feature dimensions, lesser accuracy and expensive imaging modalities like computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and DEXA. To overcome these limitations it is suggested to have less feature dimensions, more accuracy and cost-effective imaging modality like X-ray. This is required to avoid bone fractures and to improve BMD with precision which further helps in the diagnosis of osteoporosis

Multi-Surface Simplex Spine Segmentation for Spine Surgery Simulation and Planning

This research proposes to develop a knowledge-based multi-surface simplex deformable model for segmentation of healthy as well as pathological lumbar spine data. It aims to provide a more accurate and robust segmentation scheme for identification of intervertebral disc pathologies to assist with spine surgery planning. A robust technique that combines multi-surface and shape statistics-aware variants of the deformable simplex model is presented. Statistical shape variation within the dataset has been captured by application of principal component analysis and incorporated during the segmentation process to refine results. In the case where shape statistics hinder detection of the pathological region, user-assistance is allowed to disable the prior shape influence during deformation. Results have been validated against user-assisted expert segmentation

Deformable Multisurface Segmentation of the Spine for Orthopedic Surgery Planning and Simulation

Purpose: We describe a shape-aware multisurface simplex deformable model for the segmentation of healthy as well as pathological lumbar spine in medical image data. Approach: This model provides an accurate and robust segmentation scheme for the identification of intervertebral disc pathologies to enable the minimally supervised planning and patient-specific simulation of spine surgery, in a manner that combines multisurface and shape statistics-based variants of the deformable simplex model. Statistical shape variation within the dataset has been captured by application of principal component analysis and incorporated during the segmentation process to refine results. In the case where shape statistics hinder detection of the pathological region, user assistance is allowed to disable the prior shape influence during deformation. Results: Results demonstrate validation against user-assisted expert segmentation, showing excellent boundary agreement and prevention of spatial overlap between neighboring surfaces. This section also plots the characteristics of the statistical shape model, such as compactness, generalizability and specificity, as a function of the number of modes used to represent the family of shapes. Final results demonstrate a proof-of-concept deformation application based on the open-source surgery simulation Simulation Open Framework Architecture toolkit. Conclusions: To summarize, we present a deformable multisurface model that embeds a shape statistics force, with applications to surgery planning and simulation

Automatic Spine Curvature Estimation from X-ray Images of a Mouse Model

Automatic segmentation and quantification of skeletal structures has a variety of applications for biological research. Although solutions for good quality X-ray images of human skeletal structures are in existence in recent years, automatic solutions working on poor quality X-ray images of mice are rare. This paper proposes a fully automatic solution for spine segmentation and curvature quantification from X-ray images of mice. The proposed solution consists of three stages, namely preparation of the region of interest, spine segmentation, and spine curvature quantification, aiming to overcome technical difficulties in processing the X-ray images. We examined six different automatic measurements for quantifying the spine curvature through tests on a sample data set of 100 images. The experimental results show that some of the automatic measures are very close to and consistent with the best manual measurement results by annotators. The test results also demonstrate the effectiveness of the curvature quantification produced by the proposed solution in distinguishing abnormally shaped spines from the normal ones with accuracy up to 98.6%

Segmentation and Deformable Modelling Techniques for a Virtual Reality Surgical Simulator in Hepatic Oncology

Liver surgical resection is one of the most frequently used curative therapies. However, resectability is problematic. There is a need for a computer-assisted surgical planning and simulation system which can accurately and efficiently simulate the liver, vessels and tumours in actual patients. The present project describes the development of these core segmentation and deformable modelling techniques. For precise detection of irregularly shaped areas with indistinct boundaries, the segmentation incorporated active contours - gradient vector flow (GVF) snakes and level sets. To improve efficiency, a chessboard distance transform was used to replace part of the GVF effort. To automatically initialize the liver volume detection process, a rotating template was introduced to locate the starting slice. For shape maintenance during the segmentation process, a simplified object shape learning step was introduced to avoid occasional significant errors. Skeletonization with fuzzy connectedness was used for vessel segmentation. To achieve real-time interactivity, the deformation regime of this system was based on a single-organ mass-spring system (MSS), which introduced an on-the-fly local mesh refinement to raise the deformation accuracy and the mesh control quality. This method was now extended to a multiple soft-tissue constraint system, by supplementing it with an adaptive constraint mesh generation. A mesh quality measure was tailored based on a wide comparison of classic measures. Adjustable feature and parameter settings were thus provided, to make tissues of interest distinct from adjacent structures, keeping the mesh suitable for on-line topological transformation and deformation. More than 20 actual patient CT and 2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) liver datasets were tested to evaluate the performance of the segmentation method. Instrument manipulations of probing, grasping, and simple cutting were successfully simulated on deformable constraint liver tissue models. This project was implemented in conjunction with the Division of Surgery, Hammersmith Hospital, London; the preliminary reality effect was judged satisfactory by the consultant hepatic surgeon

Statistical anatomical modelling for efficient and personalised spine biomechanical models

Personalised medicine is redefining the present and future of healthcare by increasing treatment efficacy and predicting diseases before they actually manifest. This innovative approach takes into consideration patient’s unique genes, environment, and lifestyle. An essential component is physics-based simulations, which allows the outcome of a treatment or a disease to be replicated and visualised using a computer. The main requirement to perform this type of simulation is to build patient-specific models. These models require the extraction of realistic object geometries from images, as well as the detection of diseases or deformities to improve the estimation of the material properties of the studied object. The aim of this thesis was the design of a general framework for creating patient- specific models for biomechanical simulations using a framework based on statistical shape models. The proposed methodology was tested on the construction of spine models, including vertebrae and intervertebral discs (IVD). The proposed framework is divided into three well-defined components: The paramount and first step is the extraction of the organ or anatomical structure from medical images. In the case of the spine, IVDs and vertebrae were extracted from Magnetic Resonance images (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT), respectively. The second step is the classification of objects according to different factors, for instance, bones by its type and grade of fracture or IVDs by its degree of degeneration. This process is essential to properly model material properties, which depends on the possible pathologies of the tissue. The last component of the framework is the creation of the patient-specific model itself by combining the information from previous steps. The behaviour of the developed algorithms was tested using different datasets of spine images from both computed tomography (CT) and Magnetic resonance (MR) images from different institutions, type of population and image resolution

CARACTERIZACIÓN CUANTITATIVA DE LA PATOLOGÍA DISCAL Y LUMBAR DEGENERATIVA MEDIANTE ANÁLISIS DE IMAGEN POR RESONANCIA MAGNÉTICA Y DETECCIÓN Y SEGMENTACIÓN DE LA COLUMNA VERTEBRAL EN PACIENTES ONCOLÓGICOS A PARTIR DEL ANÁLISIS DE IMAGEN EN TOMOGRAFÍA COMPUTARIZADA

[EN] Over the last 20 years health system has been revolutionized by imaging technology so diagnostic imaging has become the mainstay of the management of patients. Nowadays, degeneration of the intervertebral discs, herniation and spinal stenosis are very common entities that affect millions of people and cause back pain. The development of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) methods for classifying and quantifying these pathologies has increased in the past decade as a way to assist radiologists in the diagnosis task. So, the main objective of the first part of this Doctoral Thesis is the development of a CAD software for the classification and quantification of spine disease by means of Magnetic Resonance image analysis. To this end, two different groups of patients have been used, one as training group (14 patients) and the other as testing group (53 patients). To classify disc degeneration according to the gold standard, Pfirrmann classification, a method mainly based on the measurement of disc signal intensity and structure has been developed. The method developed to detect disc herniations has been focused on disc segmentation and its approximation by an ellipse, in this way it is possible to extract disc shape features for detecting contour abnormalities. The method developed to detect spinal stenosis, based on signal intensity, has been developed to extract the spinal canal and, by applying different techniques, to detect spinal stenosis at every intervertebral disc level and quantify the severity of the pathology. The results have shown a segmentation inaccuracy below 1%. Regarding reproducibility, it has been obtained an almost perfect agreement (measured by the k and ICC statistics) for all the analysed pathologies. The results have shown that the developed methods can assist radiologists to perform their decision-making tasks, providing support for enhanced reproducibility of MRI reports and achieving greater objectivity. However, not only the intervertebral discs are susceptible to suffer several pathologies. The vertebral bodies are also subject to a wide variety of diseases because of different circumstances. So, prior to any diagnosis task, an accurate detection and segmentation of the vertebral bodies are the first crucial steps. Therefore, the main objective of the second part of this Doctoral Thesis is the development of an automatic method for the detection and segmentation of the spine in Computed Tomography imaging. Performing an automatic and robust segmentation is a very challenging task due to the difficulty discriminating between the ribs and the vertebral bodies. To overcome this problem, two different segmentation methods have been combined: the first method uses a Level-Set method to perform an initial segmentation; the second method uses a probabilistic atlas to refine the initial segmentation with a special focus on ribs suppression. So a 3D volume indicating the probability of each voxel of belonging to the spine has been developed, by means of a set of images, corresponding to 14 patients (training group), manually segmented by an expert. The generated probability map has been deformed and adapted to each testing case. To evaluate the segmentation results and the improvement obtained after applying the atlas to the initial segmentation, the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and the Hausdorff distance (HD) have been used. The results have shown up an average of 11 mm of improvement in segmentation accuracy in terms of HD, obtaining an overall final average of 14,98 ± 1,32 mm. A refinement of 1,3 % has been obtained in terms of DSC, with a global value of 91,75 ± 1,20 %. The study has demonstrated that the atlas is able to detect and appropriately eliminate the ribs while improving the segmentation accuracy.[ES] En los últimos 20 años el sistema sanitario se ha visto revolucionado por la tecnología de la imagen, por lo que el diagnóstico por imagen se ha convertido en un pilar fundamental en el manejo de los pacientes. Hoy en día la degeneración de los discos intervertebrales, la hernia discal y la estenosis del canal vertebral, son tres patologías que afectan a millones de personas y causan dolor de espalda. El desarrollo de sistemas CAD para clasificar y cuantificar estas patologías se ha incrementado en la última década como una forma de ayuda al radiólogo en el diagnóstico. Por tanto, la primera parte de esta Tesis Doctoral tiene como objetivo el desarrollo de un sistema CAD para la clasificación y cuantificación de la patología discal por medio del análisis de Imagen por Resonancia Magnética. Con este fin se han utilizado dos grupos de pacientes, uno como grupo de entrenamiento (14 pacientes) y el otro como grupo de prueba (53 pacientes). Para la clasificación de la degeneración discal se ha desarrollado un método basado en el cálculo de la estructura del disco y de su señal de intensidad. El método de detección de herniaciones se ha centrado en la segmentación del disco y su aproximación por una elipse, para extraer así información sobre la forma del disco. El método de detección de estenosis, basado en la señal de intensidad, ha sido desarrollado para extraer el canal vertebral y, con la aplicación de diferentes técnicas, detectar estrechamientos a la altura de los discos y cuantificar la gravedad de los mismos. Los resultados han demostrado una alta precisión en la segmentación, con un error inferior al 1 %. En cuanto a la reproducibilidad, se ha obtenido un acuerdo casi perfecto (medido con los coeficientes CCI y k) para todas las patologías analizadas. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que los métodos desarrollados pueden servir de ayuda al radiólogo en el diagnóstico, mejorando la reproducibilidad y logrando una mayor objetividad. Sin embargo, no sólo los discos intervertebrales son susceptibles de sufrir alguna patología. Los cuerpos vertebrales también pueden sufrir lesiones por diversas circunstancias. No obstante, antes de realizar cualquier tarea de diagnóstico, llevar a cabo una detección y segmentación precisa de los cuerpos vertebrales es un primer paso crucial. Así pues, la segunda parte de esta Tesis Doctoral tiene como objetivo el desarrollo de un método automático para la detección y segmentación de la columna vertebral por medio del análisis de Tomografía Computarizada. Llevar a cabo una segmentación automática y precisa es una tarea complicada debido principalmente a la gran dificultad para distinguir entre los cuerpos vertebrales y las costillas. Para solucionar este problema se han combinado dos métodos de segmentación diferentes: el primero utiliza un método Level-Set para llevar a cabo una segmentación inicial; el segundo utiliza un atlas probabilístico, para refinar la segmentación inicial, con un enfoque especial en la supresión de las costillas. Por tanto, se ha obtenido un volumen 3D indicando la probabilidad de cada voxel de pertenecer o no a la columna vertebral, por medio de un conjunto de imágenes correspondientes a 14 pacientes segmentadas manualmente por un experto. El mapa de probabilidad generado ha sido deformado y adaptado a cada uno de los 7 pacientes del grupo de prueba. Para evaluar los resultados de la segmentación y la mejora obtenida después de aplicar el atlas a la segmentación inicial, se ha utilizado el coeficiente Dice (DSC) y la distancia Hausdorff (HD). Los resultados han demostrado una mejora en la precisión de la segmentación de 11 mm de media en términos de HD, con una media global de 14,98 ± 1,32 mm. En términos de DSC se ha obtenido una mejora de un 1,3 % , con una media global de 91,75 ± 1,20 %. El estudio ha demostrado que el atlas es capaz de detectar y eliminar apropiadamente las estructuras costales[CA] En els últims 20 anys el sistema sanitari s'ha vist revolucionat per la tecnologia de la imatge, per la qual cosa el diagnòstic per imatge s'ha convertit en un pilar fonamental en el maneig dels pacients. Hui en dia la degeneració dels discos intervertebrals, l'hèrnia discal i l'estenosi del canal vertebral, són tres patologies molt comunes que afecten milions de persones i causen dolor d'esquena. El desenvolupament de sistemes CAD per a classificar i quantificar estes patologies s'ha incrementat en l'última dècada com una forma d'ajuda al radiòleg en el diagnòstic. Per tant, la primera part d'aquesta Tesi Doctoral té com a objectiu el desenvolupament d'un sistema CAD per a la classificació i quantificació de la patologia discal per mitjà de l'anàlisi d'Imatge per Ressonància Magnètica. Amb aquest fi s'han utilitzat dos grups de pacients distints, un com a grup d'entrenament (14 pacients) i l'altre com a grup de prova (53 pacients). Per a la classificació de la degeneració discal, s'ha desenvolupat un mètode basat en el càlcul de l'estructura del disc i del seu senyal d'intensitat. El mètode de detecció d'herniacions s'ha centrat en la segmentació del disc i la seua aproximació per una el·lipse, per a extraure així informació sobre la forma del disc. El mètode de detecció d'estenosi, basat en el senyal d'intensitat, ha sigut desenvolupat per a extraure el canal vertebral i amb l'aplicació de diferents tècniques detectar estrenyiments a l'altura dels discos i quantificar la gravetat dels mateixos. Els resultats han demostrat una alta precisió en la segmentació, amb un error inferior a l'1 %. En quant a la reproduïbilitat, s'ha obtingut un acord quasi perfecte (mesurat amb els coeficients CCI i k) per a totes les patologies analitzades. Els resultats obtinguts demostren que els mètodes desenvolupats poden servir d'ajuda al radiòleg en el diagnòstic, millorant la reproduïbilitat i aconseguint una major objectivitat. No obstant això, no sols els discos intervertebrals són susceptibles de patir alguna patologia. Els cossos vertebrals també poden patir lesions per diverses circumstàncies. Per tant, abans de realitzar qualsevol tasca de diagnòstic, dur a terme una detecció i segmentació precisa dels cossos vertebrals és un primer pas crucial. Així, doncs, la segona part d'aquesta Tesi Doctoral té com a objectiu el desenvolupament d'un mètode automàtic per a la detecció i segmentació de la columna vertebral per mitjà de l'anàlisi de Tomografia Computada. Dur a terme una segmentació automàtica i precisa és una tasca complicada degut principalment a la gran dificultat per a distingir entre els cossos vertebrals i les costelles. Per a solucionar aquest problema s'han combinat dos mètodes de segmentació diferents: el primer utilitza un mètode Level-Set per a dur a terme una segmentació inicial; el segon utilitza un atles probabilístic, per a refinar la segmentació inicial amb un enfocament especial en la supressió de les costelles. Per tant, s'ha obtingut un volum 3D indicant la probabilitat de cada voxel de pertànyer o no a la columna vertebral, per mitjà d'un conjunt d'imatges corresponents a 14 pacients (grup d'entrenament) segmentades manualment per un expert. El mapa de probabilitat generat ha sigut deformat i adaptat a cadascun dels 7 pacients del grup de prova. Per a avaluar els resultats de la segmentació i la millora obtinguda després d'aplicar l'atles a la segmentació inicial, s'ha utilitzat el coeficient Dice (DSC) i la distància Hausdorff (HD). Els resultats han demostrat una millora en la precisió de la segmentació d'11 mm de mitja en termes de HD, amb una mitja global de 14,98 ± 1,32 mm. S'ha obtingut una millora d'un 1,3 % en termes de DSC, amb una mitja global de 91,75 ± 1,20 %. L'estudi ha demostrat que l'atles és capaç de detectar i eliminar apropiadament les estructures costals alhora que millora la precisió de la segmentació.Ruiz España, S. (2016). CARACTERIZACIÓN CUANTITATIVA DE LA PATOLOGÍA DISCAL Y LUMBAR DEGENERATIVA MEDIANTE ANÁLISIS DE IMAGEN POR RESONANCIA MAGNÉTICA Y DETECCIÓN Y SEGMENTACIÓN DE LA COLUMNA VERTEBRAL EN PACIENTES ONCOLÓGICOS A PARTIR DEL ANÁLISIS DE IMAGEN EN TOMOGRAFÍA COMPUTARIZADA [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/68485TESI

Low Back Pain (LBP)

Low back pain (LBP) is a major public health problem, being the most commonly reported musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) and the leading cause of compromised quality of life and work absenteeism. Indeed, LBP is the leading worldwide cause of years lost to disability, and its burden is growing alongside the increasing and aging population. The etiology, pathogenesis, and occupational risk factors of LBP are still not fully understood. It is crucial to give a stronger focus to reducing the consequences of LBP, as well as preventing its onset. Primary prevention at the occupational level remains important for highly exposed groups. Therefore, it is essential to identify which treatment options and workplace-based intervention strategies are effective in increasing participation at work and encouraging early return-to-work to reduce the consequences of LBP. The present Special Issue offers a unique opportunity to update many of the recent advances and perspectives of this health problem. A number of topics will be covered in order to attract high-quality research papers, including the following major areas: prevalence and epidemiological data, etiology, prevention, assessment and treatment approaches, and health promotion strategies for LBP. We have received a wide range of submissions, including research on the physical, psychosocial, environmental, and occupational perspectives, also focused on workplace interventions

In vivo morphometric and mechanical characterization of trabecular bone from high resolution magnetic resonance imaging

La osteoporosis es una enfermedad ósea que se manifiesta con una menor densidad ósea y el deterioro de la arquitectura del hueso esponjoso. Ambos factores aumentan la fragilidad ósea y el riesgo de sufrir fracturas óseas, especialmente en mujeres, donde existe una alta prevalencia. El diagnóstico actual de la osteoporosis se basa en la cuantificación de la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) mediante la técnica de absorciometría dual de rayos X (DXA). Sin embargo, la DMO no puede considerarse de manera aislada para la evaluación del riesgo de fractura o los efectos terapéuticos. Existen otros factores, tales como la disposición microestructural de las trabéculas y sus características que es necesario tener en cuenta para determinar la calidad del hueso y evaluar de manera más directa el riesgo de fractura. Los avances técnicos de las modalidades de imagen médica, como la tomografía computarizada multidetector (MDCT), la tomografía computarizada periférica cuantitativa (HR-pQCT) y la resonancia magnética (RM) han permitido la adquisición in vivo con resoluciones espaciales elevadas. La estructura del hueso trabecular puede observarse con un buen detalle empleando estas técnicas. En particular, el uso de los equipos de RM de 3 Teslas (T) ha permitido la adquisición con resoluciones espaciales muy altas. Además, el buen contraste entre hueso y médula que proporcionan las imágenes de RM, así como la utilización de radiaciones no ionizantes sitúan a la RM como una técnica muy adecuada para la caracterización in vivo de hueso trabecular en la enfermedad de la osteoporosis. En la presente tesis se proponen nuevos desarrollos metodológicos para la caracterización morfométrica y mecánica del hueso trabecular en tres dimensiones (3D) y se aplican a adquisiciones de RM de 3T con alta resolución espacial. El análisis morfométrico está compuesto por diferentes algoritmos diseñados para cuantificar la morfología, la complejidad, la topología y los parámetros de anisotropía del tejido trabecular. En cuanto a la caracterización mecánica, se desarrollaron nuevos métodos que permiten la simulación automatizada de la estructura del hueso trabecular en condiciones de compresión y el cálculo del módulo de elasticidad. La metodología desarrollada se ha aplicado a una población de sujetos sanos con el fin de obtener los valores de normalidad del hueso esponjoso. Los algoritmos se han aplicado también a una población de pacientes con osteoporosis con el fin de cuantificar las variaciones de los parámetros en la enfermedad y evaluar las diferencias con los resultados obtenidos en un grupo de sujetos sanos con edad similar.Los desarrollos metodológicos propuestos y las aplicaciones clínicas proporcionan resultados satisfactorios, presentando los parámetros una alta sensibilidad a variaciones de la estructura trabecular principalmente influenciadas por el sexo y el estado de enfermedad. Por otra parte, los métodos presentan elevada reproducibilidad y precisión en la cuantificación de los valores morfométricos y mecánicos. Estos resultados refuerzan el uso de los parámetros presentados como posibles biomarcadores de imagen en la enfermedad de la osteoporosis.Alberich Bayarri, Á. (2010). In vivo morphometric and mechanical characterization of trabecular bone from high resolution magnetic resonance imaging [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8981Palanci