Wireless communication platform based on an embroidered antenna-sensor for real-time breathing detection

Wearable technology has been getting more attention for monitoring vital signs in various medical fields, particularly in breathing monitoring. To monitor respiratory patterns, there is a current set of challenges related to the lack of user comfort, reliability, and rigidity of the systems, as well as challenges related to processing data. Therefore, the need to develop user-friendly and reliable wireless approaches to address these problems is required. In this paper, a novel, full, compact textile breathing sensor is investigated. Specifically, an embroidered meander dipole antenna sensor integrated into an e-textile T-shirt with a Bluetooth transmitter for real-time breathing monitoring was developed and tested. The proposed antenna-based sensor is designed to transmit data over wireless communication networks at 2.4 GHz and is made of a silver-coated nylon thread. The sensing mechanism of the proposed system is based on the detection of a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) transmitted wirelessly by the antenna-based sensor, which is found to be sensitive to stretch. The respiratory system is placed on the middle of the human chest; the area of the proposed system is 4.5 × 0.48 cm2 , with 2.36 × 3.17 cm2 covered by the transmitter module. The respiratory signal is extracted from the variation of the RSSI signal emitted at 2.4 GHz from the detuned embroidered antenna-based sensor embedded into a commercial T-shirt and detected using a laptop. The experimental results demonstrated that breathing signals can be acquired wirelessly by the RSSI via Bluetooth. The RSSI range change was from -80 dBm to -72 dBm, -88 dBm to -79 dBm and -85 dBm to -80 dBm during inspiration and expiration for normal breathing, speaking and movement, respectively. We tested the feasibility assessment for breathing monitoring and we demonstrated experimentally that the standard wireless networks, which measure the RSSI signal via standard Bluetooth protocol, can be used to detect human respiratory status and patterns in real time.This work was supported by the Spanish Government-MICINN under Projects TED2021- 131209B-I00 and PID2021-124288OB-I00.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Study of the development of an Io T-based sensor platform for e-agriculture

E-agriculture, sometimes reffered as 'ICT in agriculture' (Information and Communication technologies) or simply "smart agriculture", is a relatively recent and emerging field focused on the enhacement on agricultural and rural development through improved information and communication processes. This concept, involves the design, development, evaluation and application of innovative ways to use IoT technologies in the rural domain, with a primary focus on agriculture, in order to achieve better ways of growing food for the masses with sustainability. In IoT-based agriculture, platforms are built for monitoring the crop field with the help of sensors (light, humidity, temperature, soil moisture, etc.) and automating the irrigation system. The farmers can monitor the field conditions from anywhere and highly more efficient compared to conventional approaches

On-Site and External Energy Harvesting in Underground Wireless

Energy efficiency is vital for uninterrupted long-term operation of wireless underground communication nodes in the field of decision agriculture. In this paper, energy harvesting and wireless power transfer techniques are discussed with applications in underground wireless communications (UWC). Various external wireless power transfer techniques are explored. Moreover, key energy harvesting technologies are presented that utilize available energy sources in the field such as vibration, solar, and wind. In this regard, the Electromagnetic(EM)- and Magnetic Induction(MI)-based approaches are explained. Furthermore, the vibration-based energy harvesting models are reviewed as well. These energy harvesting approaches lead to design of an efficient wireless underground communication system to power underground nodes for prolonged field operation in decision agriculture

Implementation of Middleware for Internet of Things in Asset Tracking Applications: In-lining Approach

ThesisInternet of Things (IoT) is a concept that involves giving objects a digital identity and limited artificial intelligence, which helps the objects to be interactive, process data, make decisions, communicate and react to events virtually with minimum human intervention. IoT is intensified by advancements in hardware and software engineering and promises to close the gap that exists between the physical and digital worlds. IoT is paving ways to address complex phenomena, through designing and implementation of intelligent systems that can monitor phenomena, perform real-time data interpretation, react to events, and swiftly communicate observations. The primary goal of IoT is ubiquitous computing using wireless sensors and communication protocols such as Bluetooth, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), ZigBee and General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). Insecurity, of assets and lives, is a problem around the world. One application area of IoT is tracking and monitoring; it could therefore be used to solve asset insecurity. A preliminary investigation revealed that security systems in place at Central University of Technology, Free State (CUT) are disjointed; they do not instantaneously and intelligently conscientize security personnel about security breaches using real time messages. As a result, many assets have been stolen, particularly laptops. The main objective of this research was to prove that a real-life application built over a generic IoT architecture that innovatively and intelligently integrates: (1) wireless sensors; (2) radio frequency identification (RFID) tags and readers; (3) fingerprint readers; and (4) mobile phones, can be used to dispel laptop theft. To achieve this, the researcher developed a system, using the heterogeneous devices mentioned above and a middleware that harnessed their unique capabilities to bring out the full potential of IoT in intelligently curbing laptop theft. The resulting system has the ability to: (1) monitor the presence of a laptop using RFID reader that pro-actively interrogates a passive tag attached to the laptop; (2) detect unauthorized removal of a laptop under monitoring; (3) instantly communicate security violations via cell phones; and (4) use Windows location sensors to track the position of a laptop using Googlemaps. The system also manages administrative tasks such as laptop registration, assignment and withdrawal which used to be handled manually. Experiments conducted using the resulting system prototype proved the hypothesis outlined for this research

Internet-of-Things Multistatic Passive Radar Station

This paper aims at presenting an Internet-of-things multistatic passive radar station having autonomous and field deployed capabilities. The station is wirelessly connected to a data server and requires, under expected circumstances, no maintenance whatsoever for the projected period of operation. The wireless connection is through radio waves over the Wi-Fi radio protocol making the station an internet-of-things device. A design of the autonomous station is disclosed. Different components are discussed together with their inter-relations. The requirements these components should satisfy, in accordance with the harsh field condition the station is subjected to, are established. The design is supported by three inventions registered at the Bulgarian Patent Office

PEACH: predicting frost events in peach orchards using IoT technology

In 2013, 85% of the peach production in the Mendoza region (Argentina) was lost because of frost. In a couple of hours, farmers can lose everything. Handling a frost event is possible, but it is hard to predict when it is going to happen. The goal of the PEACH project is to predict frost events by analyzing measurements from sensors deployed around an orchard. This article provides an in-depth description of a complete solution we designed and deployed: the low-power wireless network and the back-end system. The low-power wireless network is composed entirely of commercial off-the-shelf devices. We develop a methodology for deploying the network and present the open-source tools to assist with the deployment and to monitor the network. The deployed low-power wireless mesh network is 100% reliable, with end-to-end latency below 2 s, and over 3 years of battery lifetime. This article discusses how the technology used is the right one for precision agriculture applications.EEA JunínFil: Watteyne, Thomas. Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (INRIA). EVA Team; FranciaFil: Diedrichs, Ana Laura. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (UTN), Mendoza; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Brun-Laguna, Keoma. Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (INRIA). EVA Team; FranciaFil: Chaar, Javier Emilio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Junín; ArgentinaFil: Dujovne, Diego. Universidad Diego Portales (UDP), Santiago; ChileFil: Taffernaberry, Juan Carlos. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (UTN), Mendoza; ArgentinaFil: Mercado, Gustavo. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (UTN), Mendoza; Argentin

History of Wireless Communication

The history of communication is an exciting topic. This article reviews various areas that makeup the current history of wireless communication. These topics include: the wireless vision, generations of wireless, technical issues, current wireless systems, wireless LaNs, Wide Area Wireless Data Services, Broadband Wireless Access, Satellite Wireless Access, Satellite Networks, and Bluetooth and this material will stimulate you to do more research in these various areas of the wireless industry

A Secure, Configurable, Wireless System for Transfer of Sensor Data from Aircraft to Ground

Modern aircraft are complex systems, equipped with hundreds of embedded sensors that record a wide repertoire of data during flight, such as crucial engine and airframe parameters, status of flight control system, air conditioning system, landing gear, life-saving and emergency systems. The data from the sensors is stored in the Flight Data Recorder. Maintenance personnel routinely transfer this sensor data to a ground terminal device to analyze it for aircraft health and performance monitoring purposes. Manual methods of extracting sensor data can be tedious and error-prone when large fleets of aircraft are involved. This paper presents a novel system to extract sensor data from aircraft to a ground terminal, wirelessly. The wireless system is implemented using unique, configurable wireless transmitter receivers (WTRs) designed for this purpose. The hardware for the wireless transfer of data was designed, interfaced with a modern aircraft’s system, and tested with the aircraft on the ground and another flying object. The data from the aircraft’s Flight Data Recorder was successfully transmitted and received wirelessly by the ground terminal, over a distance of 50 meters (with aircraft on ground) and 10 Kilometers (with a flying object), in a secure mode with zero packet loss. The WTRs have also qualified the requisite tests for airborne certification

Spectrum Sharing and Interference in Smart Homes

Internet of Things networks using Zigbee are very popular in smart homes. However, Zigbee networks are vulnerable to the interference of Wi-Fi networks because they share the same 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical radio frequency band. Studies have shown that weaker Zigbee signals might be significantly interfered by stronger Wi-Fi signals. This type of interference may cause severe problems when these types of networks coexist in an indoor environment such as in a smart home. In this thesis, the performance of a Zigbee network with and without the presence of a Wi-Fi network has been evaluated in an apartment-based indoor environment mimicking a smart home. The experimental results are obtained and analyzed in terms of received signal strength indicator, packet delay, packet drop rate, and loopback throughput by changing operating channels, distances between Zigbee and Wi-Fi devices, transmission intervals of Zigbee packets, Zigbee transmit power, and Zigbee packet lengths

IMPLEMENTATION OF WIRELESS LAN IN UTP

This paper, entitled Implementation ofWireless LAN in UTP environment, looks into the way to implement wireless network in UTP. The main objectives ofthis project are to provide mobile network and internet access using university's network system to students and lecturers and to make it easier and convenient for student to download lecture notes and for lecturers to upload them. Currently, there is no wireless LAN access in UTP environment that can be use by students and staff as alternative opportunity to access and share instant information. Therefore, this project research area is to find out the way to implement wireless LAN using secure Wi-Fi in UTP external environment. For this study, the scope is narrow down to the architecture and design ofwireless LAN network and its developing methodology. Anetwork simulation tool called Network Simulator version 2, or simply known as ns-2, is used to test the efficiency and functionality ofthe designed network. The outcome ofthis project is a good network architecture design that will give high network performance to all users in UTP