278 research outputs found
Direct Acyclic Graph based Ledger for Internet of Things: Performance and Security Analysis
Direct Acyclic Graph (DAG)-based ledger and the corresponding consensus
algorithm has been identified as a promising technology for Internet of Things
(IoT). Compared with Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Stake (PoS) that have
been widely used in blockchain, the consensus mechanism designed on DAG
structure (simply called as DAG consensus) can overcome some shortcomings such
as high resource consumption, high transaction fee, low transaction throughput
and long confirmation delay. However, the theoretic analysis on the DAG
consensus is an untapped venue to be explored. To this end, based on one of the
most typical DAG consensuses, Tangle, we investigate the impact of network load
on the performance and security of the DAG-based ledger. Considering unsteady
network load, we first propose a Markov chain model to capture the behavior of
DAG consensus process under dynamic load conditions. The key performance
metrics, i.e., cumulative weight and confirmation delay are analysed based on
the proposed model. Then, we leverage a stochastic model to analyse the
probability of a successful double-spending attack in different network load
regimes. The results can provide an insightful understanding of DAG consensus
process, e.g., how the network load affects the confirmation delay and the
probability of a successful attack. Meanwhile, we also demonstrate the
trade-off between security level and confirmation delay, which can act as a
guidance for practical deployment of DAG-based ledgers.Comment: accepted by IEEE Transactions on Networkin
An architecture for distributed ledger-based M2M auditing for Electric Autonomous Vehicles
Electric Autonomous Vehicles (EAVs) promise to be an effective way to solve
transportation issues such as accidents, emissions and congestion, and aim at
establishing the foundation of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) economy. For this to be
possible, the market should be able to offer appropriate charging services
without involving humans. The state-of-the-art mechanisms of charging and
billing do not meet this requirement, and often impose service fees for value
transactions that may also endanger users and their location privacy. This
paper aims at filling this gap and envisions a new charging architecture and a
billing framework for EAV which would enable M2M transactions via the use of
Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)
Pay as You Go: A Generic Crypto Tolling Architecture
The imminent pervasive adoption of vehicular communication, based on
dedicated short-range technology (ETSI ITS G5 or IEEE WAVE), 5G, or both, will
foster a richer service ecosystem for vehicular applications. The appearance of
new cryptography based solutions envisaging digital identity and currency
exchange are set to stem new approaches for existing and future challenges.
This paper presents a novel tolling architecture that harnesses the
availability of 5G C-V2X connectivity for open road tolling using smartphones,
IOTA as the digital currency and Hyperledger Indy for identity validation. An
experimental feasibility analysis is used to validate the proposed architecture
for secure, private and convenient electronic toll payment
A P2P Networking Simulation Framework For Blockchain Studies
Recently, blockchain becomes a disruptive technology of building distributed applications (DApps). Many researchers and institutions have devoted their resources to the development of more effective blockchain technologies and innovative applications. However, with the limitation of computing power and financial resources, it is hard for researchers to deploy and test their blockchain innovations in a large-scape physical network.
Hence, in this dissertation, we proposed a peer-to-peer (P2P) networking simulation framework, which allows to deploy and test (simulate) a large-scale blockchain system with thousands of nodes in one single computer. We systematically reviewed existing research and techniques of blockchain simulator and evaluated their advantages and disadvantages.
To achieve generality and flexibility, our simulation framework lays the foundation for simulating blockchain network with different scales and protocols. We verified our simulation framework by deploying the most famous three blockchain systems (Bitcoin, Ethereum and IOTA) in our simulation framework.
We demonstrated the effectiveness of our simulation framework with the following three case studies: (a) Improve the performance of blockchain by changing key parameters or deploying new directed acyclic graph (DAG) structure protocol; (b) Test and analyze the attack response of Tangle-based blockchain (IOTA) (c) Establish and deploy a new smart grid bidding system for demand side in our simulation framework.
This dissertation also points out a series of open issues for future research
Simulating and comparing Tangle 2.0 and PoW
Tangle 2.0 is a leaderless probabilistic consensus protocol that is based on a DAG called Tangle. The way consensus is found is in the heaviest DAG and not in the longest chain which is popular in Blockchain. POW is a consensus protocol most known for being used in Bitcoin. The nodes in a POW system have to solve a complex mathematical puzzle that satisfies a difficulty threshold before a new block can be published to the network. Because Tangle 2.0 is such a complex protocol we wish to find out if it has an edge over a traditional consensus protocol such as PoW. We modify the Tangle 2.0 simulating tool by adding POW as the consensus protocol. We compare the original Tangle 2.0 with POW by metrics such as the confirmation time of network messages. Adding POW as the consensus protocol in Tangle 2.0 creates a greedy-heaviest sub-tree structure which has led to forks. We have found that because of forks in the POW network, slowing down the network throughput will eventually rid the network of forks. But leads to a higher confirmation time. So the comparison shows a significant benefit for Tangle 2.0
Distributed data management in internet of things networking environments
Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is one of the latest digital technologies, which appear to be heading towards a new industrial revolution. However, when we consider its suitability for dynamic networking environments, issues like transaction fees or scalability have not been resolved
HybridChain: Fast, Accurate, and Secure Transaction Processing with Distributed Learning
In order to fully unlock the transformative power of distributed ledgers and
blockchains, it is crucial to develop innovative consensus algorithms that can
overcome the obstacles of security, scalability, and interoperability, which
currently hinder their widespread adoption. This paper introduces HybridChain
that combines the advantages of sharded blockchain and DAG distributed ledger,
and a consensus algorithm that leverages decentralized learning. Our approach
involves validators exchanging perceptions as votes to assess potential
conflicts between transactions and the witness set, representing input
transactions in the UTXO model. These perceptions collectively contribute to an
intermediate belief regarding the validity of transactions. By integrating
their beliefs with those of other validators, localized decisions are made to
determine validity. Ultimately, a final consensus is achieved through a
majority vote, ensuring precise and efficient validation of transactions. Our
proposed approach is compared to the existing DAG-based scheme IOTA and the
sharded blockchain Omniledger through extensive simulations. The results show
that IOTA has high throughput and low latency but sacrifices accuracy and is
vulnerable to orphanage attacks especially with low transaction rates.
Omniledger achieves stable accuracy by increasing shards but has increased
latency. In contrast, the proposed HybridChain exhibits fast, accurate, and
secure transaction processing, and excellent scalability
- …