Trust-based energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of a number of distributed sensor nodes that are connected within a specified area. Generally, WSN is used for monitoring purposes and can be applied in many fields including health, environmental and habitat monitoring, weather forecasting, home automation, and in the military. Similar, to traditional wired networks, WSNs require security measures to ensure a trustworthy environment for communication. However, due to deployment scenarios nodes are exposed to physical capture and inclusion of malicious node led to internal network attacks hence providing the reliable delivery of data and trustworthy communication environment is a real challenge. Also, malicious nodes intentionally dropping data packets, spreading false reporting, and degrading the network performance. Trust based security solutions are regarded as a significant measure to improve the sensor network security, integrity, and identification of malicious nodes. Another extremely important issue for WSNs is energy conversation and efficiency, as energy sources and battery capacity are often limited, meaning that the implementation of efficient, reliable data delivery is an equally important consideration that is made more challenging due to the unpredictable behaviour of sensor nodes. Thus, this research aims to develop a trust and energy efficient routing protocol that ensures a trustworthy environment for communication and reliable delivery of data. Firstly, a Belief based Trust Evaluation Scheme (BTES) is proposed that identifies malicious nodes and maintains a trustworthy environment among sensor nodes while reducing the impact of false reporting. Secondly, a State based Energy Calculation Scheme (SECS) is proposed which periodically evaluates node energy levels, leading to increased network lifetime. Finally, as an integrated outcome of these two schemes, a Trust and Energy Efficient Path Selection (TEEPS) protocol has been proposed. The proposed protocol is benchmarked with A Trust-based Neighbour selection system using activation function (AF-TNS), and with A Novel Trust of dynamic optimization (Trust-Doe). The experimental results show that the proposed protocol performs better as compared to existing schemes in terms of throughput (by 40.14%), packet delivery ratio (by 28.91%), and end-to-end delay (by 41.86%). In conclusion, the proposed routing protocol able to identify malicious nodes provides a trustworthy environment and improves network energy efficiency and lifetime

A supporting infrastructure for Wireless Sensor Networks in Critical Industrial Environments

Tese de doutoramento no Programa de Doutoramento em Ciências e Tecnologias da Informação apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.As Redes de Sensores Sem Fios (RSSFs) têm uma aplicabilidade muito elevada nas mais diversas áreas, como na indústria, nos sistemas militares, na saúde e nas casas inteligentes. No entanto, continuam a existir várias limitações que impedem que esta tecnologia tenha uma utilização extensiva. A fiabilidade é uma destas principais limitações que tem atrasado a adopção das RSSFs em ambientes industriais, principalmente quando sujeitos a elevadas interferências e ruídos. Por outro lado, a interoperabilidade é também um dos principais requisitos a cumprir nomeadamente com o avanço para o paradigma da Internet of Things. A determinação da localização dos nós, principalmente dos nós móveis, é, também ele, um requisito crítico em muitas aplicações. Esta tese de doutoramento propõe novas soluções para a integração e para a localização de RSSFs que operem em ambientes industriais e críticos. Como os nós sensores são, na maioria das vezes, instalados e deixados sem intervenção humana durante longos períodos de tempo, isto é, meses ou mesmo anos, é muito importante oferecer processos de comunicação fiável. No entanto, muitos problemas ocorrem durante a transmissão dos pacotes, nomeadamente devido a ruídos, interferências e perda de potência do sinal. A razão das interferências deve-se à existência de mais do que uma rede ou ao espalhamento espectral que ocorre em determinadas frequências. Este tipo de problemas é mais severo em ambientes dinâmicos nos quais novas fontes de ruído pode ser introduzidas em qualquer instante de tempo, nomeadamente com a chegadas de novos dispositivos ao meio. Consequentemente, é necessário que as RSSFs tenham a capacidade de lidar com as limitações e as falhas nos processos de comunicação. O protocolo Dynamic MAC (DunMAC) proposto nesta dissertação utiliza técnicas de rádio cognitivo (CR) para que a RSSF se adapte, de forma dinâmica, a ambientes instáveis e ruidosos através da selecção automática do melhor canal durante o período de operação. As RSSFs não podem operar em isolação completa do meio, e necessitam de ser monitoradas e controladas por aplicações externas. Apesar de ser possível adicionar a pilha protocolar IP aos nós sensores, este procedimento não é adequado para muitas aplicações. Para estes casos, os modelos baseados em gateway ou proxies continuam a apresentar-se preferíveis para o processo de integração. Um dos desafios existentes para estes processos de integração é a sua adaptabilidade, isto é, a capacidade da gateway ou do proxy poder ser reutilizado sem alterações por outras aplicações. A razão desta limitação deve-se aos consumidores finais dos dados serem aplicações e não seres humanos. Logo, é difícil ou mesmo impossível criar normas para as estruturas de dados dada a infinidade de diferentes formatos. É então desejável encontrar uma solução que permita uma integração transparente de diferentes RSSFs e aplicações. A linguagem Sensor Traffic Description Language (STDL) proposta nesta dissertação propõe uma solução para esta integração através de gateways e proxies flexíveis e adaptados à diversidade de aplicações, e sem recorrer à reprogramação. O conhecimento da posição dos nós sensores é, também ele, crítico em muitas aplicações industriais como no controlo da deslocação dos objectos ou trabalhadores. Para além do mais, a maioria dos valores recolhidos dos sensores só são úteis quando acompanhados pelo conhecimento do local onde esses valores foram recolhidos. O Global Positioning Systems (GPS) é a mais conhecida solução para a determinação da localização. No entanto, o recurso ao GPS em cada nó sensor continua a ser energeticamente ineficiente e impraticável devido aos custos associados. Para além disso, os sistemas GPS não são apropriados para ambientes in-door. Este trabalho de doutoramento propõe-se actuar nestas áreas. Em particular, é proposto, implementado e avaliado o protocolo DynMAC para oferecer fiabilidade às RSSFs. Para a segunda temática, a linguagem STDL e o seu motor são propostos para suportar a integração de ambientes heterogéneos de RSSFs e aplicações. As soluções propostas não requerem reprogramação e suportam também serviços de localização nas RSSFs. Diferentes métodos de localização foram avaliados para estimar a localização dos nós. Assim, com estes métodos as RSSFs podem ser usadas como componentes para integrar e suportar a Futura Internet. Todas as soluções propostas nesta tese foram implementadas e validadas tanto em simulação com em plataformas práticas, laboratoriais e industriais.The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has a countless number of applications in almost all of the fields including military, industrial, healthcare, and smart home environments. However, there are several problems that prevent the widespread of sensor networks in real situations. Among them, the reliability of communication especially in noisy industrial environments is difficult to guarantee. In addition, interoperability between the sensor networks and external applications is also a challenge. Moreover, determining the position of nodes, particularly mobile nodes, is a critical requirement in many types of applications. My original contributions in this thesis include reliable communication, integration, localization solutions for WSNs operating in industrial and critical environments. Because sensor nodes are usually deployed and kept unattended without human intervention for a long duration, e.g. months or even years, it is a crucial requirement to provide the reliable communication for the WSNs. However, many problems arise during packet transmission and are related to the transmission medium (e.g. signal path-loss, noise and interference). Interference happens due to the existence of more than one network or by the spectral spread that happens in some frequencies. This type of problem is more severe in dynamic environments in which noise sources can be introduced at any time or new networks and devices that interfere with the existing one may be added. Consequently, it is necessary for the WSNs to have the ability to deal with the communication failures. The Dynamic MAC (DynMAC) protocol proposed in this thesis employs the Cognitive Radio (CR) techniques to allow the WSNs to adapt to the dynamic noisy environments by automatically selecting the best channel during its operation time. The WSN usually cannot operate in complete isolation, but it needs to be monitored, controlled and visualized by external applications. Although it is possible to add an IP protocol stack to sensor nodes, this approach is not appropriate for many types of WSNs. Consequently, the proxy and gateway approach is still a preferred method for integrating sensor networks with external networks and applications. The problem of the current integration solutions for WSNs is the adaptability, i.e., the ability of the gateway or proxy developed for one sensor network to be reused, unchanged, for others which have different types of applications and data frames. One reason behind this problem is that it is difficult or even impossible to create a standard for the structure of data inside the frame because there are such a huge number of possible formats. Consequently, it is necessary to have an adaptable solution for easily and transparently integrating WSNs and application environments. In this thesis, the Sensor Traffic Description Language (STDL) was proposed for describing the structure of the sensor networks’ data frames, allowing the framework to be adapted to a diversity of protocols and applications without reprogramming. The positions of sensor nodes are critical in many types of industrial applications such as object tracking, location-aware services, worker or patient tracking, etc. In addition, the sensed data is meaningless without the knowledge of where it is obtained. Perhaps the most well-known location-sensing system is the Global Positioning System (GPS). However, equipping GPS sensor for each sensor node is inefficient or unfeasible for most of the cases because of its energy consumption and cost. In addition, GPS is not appropriate in some environments, e.g., indoors. Similar to the original concept of WSNs, the localization solution should also be cheap and with low power consumption. This thesis aims to deal with the above problems. In particular, in order to add the reliability for WSN, DynMAC protocol was proposed, implemented and evaluated. This protocol adds a mechanism to automatically deal with the noisy and changeable environments. For the second problem, the STDL and its engine provide the adaptable capability to the framework for interoperation between sensor networks and external applications. The proposed framework requires no reprogramming when deploying it for new applications and protocols of WSNs. Moreover, the framework also supports localization services for positioning the unknown position sensor nodes in WSNs. The different localization methods are employed to estimate the location of mobile nodes. With the proposed framework, WSNs can be used as plug and play components for integrating with the Future Internet. All the proposed solutions were implemented and validated using simulation and real testbeds in both the laboratory and industrial environments

Flexi-WVSNP-DASH: A Wireless Video Sensor Network Platform for the Internet of Things

abstract: Video capture, storage, and distribution in wireless video sensor networks (WVSNs) critically depends on the resources of the nodes forming the sensor networks. In the era of big data, Internet of Things (IoT), and distributed demand and solutions, there is a need for multi-dimensional data to be part of the Sensor Network data that is easily accessible and consumable by humanity as well as machinery. Images and video are expected to become as ubiquitous as is the scalar data in traditional sensor networks. The inception of video-streaming over the Internet, heralded a relentless research for effective ways of distributing video in a scalable and cost effective way. There has been novel implementation attempts across several network layers. Due to the inherent complications of backward compatibility and need for standardization across network layers, there has been a refocused attention to address most of the video distribution over the application layer. As a result, a few video streaming solutions over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) have been proposed. Most notable are Apple’s HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) and the Motion Picture Experts Groups Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH). These frameworks, do not address the typical and future WVSN use cases. A highly flexible Wireless Video Sensor Network Platform and compatible DASH (WVSNP-DASH) are introduced. The platform's goal is to usher video as a data element that can be integrated into traditional and non-Internet networks. A low cost, scalable node is built from the ground up to be fully compatible with the Internet of Things Machine to Machine (M2M) concept, as well as the ability to be easily re-targeted to new applications in a short time. Flexi-WVSNP design includes a multi-radio node, a middle-ware for sensor operation and communication, a cross platform client facing data retriever/player framework, scalable security as well as a cohesive but decoupled hardware and software design.Dissertation/ThesisDoctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 201

Wireless Techniques for Body-Centric Cooperative Communications

Body-centric and cooperative communications are new trends in telecommunications field. Being concerned with human behaviour, body-centric communication networks, also known as Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs), are suitable for a wide variety of applications. The advances in the miniaturisation of embedded devices to be placed on or around the body, foster the diffusion of these systems, where the human body is the key element defining communication characteristics. Cooperative communications paradigm, on the other hand, is one of the emerging technologies that promises significantly higher reliability and spectral efficiency in wireless networks. This thesis investigates possible applications of the cooperative communication paradigm to body-centric networks and, more generally, to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Firstly, communication protocols for WBANs are in the spotlight. Performance achieved by different approaches is evaluated and compared through experimentation providing guidelines for choosing appropriate protocol and setting protocol parameters to meet application requirements. Secondly, a cooperative Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) scheme for WBANs is presented. The scheme, named B-MIMO, exploits the natural heterogeneity of the WBAN propagation channel to improve energy efficiency of the system. Finally, a WSN scenario is considered, where sensor nodes cooperate to establish a massive MIMO-like system. The analysis and subsequent optimisation show the advantages of cooperation in terms of energy efficiency and provide insights on how many nodes should be deployed in such a scenario

Reliable and Energy Efficient Network Protocols for Wireless Body Area Networks

In a wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) various sensors are attached on clothing, on the body or are even implanted under the skin. The wireless nature of the network and the wide variety of sensors offers numerous new, practical and innovative applications. A motivating example can be found in the world of health monitoring. The sensors of the WBAN measure for example the heartbeat, the body temperature or record a prolonged electrocardiogram. Using a WBAN, the patient experiences a greater physical mobility and is no longer compelled to stay in a hospital. A WBAN imposes the networks some strict and specific requirements. The devices are tiny, leaving only limited space for a battery. It is therefore of uttermost importance to restrict the energy consumption in the network. A possible solution is the development of energy efficient protocols that regulate the communication between the radios. Further, it is also important to consider the reliability of the communication. The data sent contains medical information and one has to make sure that it is correctly received at the personal device. It is not allowed that a critical message gets lost. In addition, a WBAN has to support the heterogeneity of its devices. This thesis focuses on the development of energy efficient and reliable network protocols for WBANs. Considered solutions are the use of multi-hop communication and the improved interaction between the different network layers. Mechanisms to reduce the energy consumption and to grade up the reliability of the communication are presented. In a first step, the physical layer of the communication near the human body is studied and investigated. The probability of a connection between two nodes on the body is modeled and used to investigate which network topologies can be considered as the most energy efficient and reliable. Next, MOFBAN, a lightweight framework for network architecture is presented. Finally, CICADA is presented: a new cross layer protocol for WBANs that both handles channel medium access and routing