Stable Infrastructure-based Routing for Intelligent Transportation Systems

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) have been instrumental in reshaping transportation towards safer roads, seamless logistics, and digital business-oriented services under the umbrella of smart city platforms. Undoubtedly, ITS applications will demand stable routing protocols that not only focus on Inter-Vehicle Communications but also on providing a fast, reliable and secure interface to the infrastructure. In this paper, we propose a novel stable infrastructure- based routing protocol for urban VANETs. It enables vehicles proactively to maintain fresh routes towards Road-Side Units (RSUs) while reactively discovering routes to nearby vehicles. It builds routes from highly stable connected intersections using a selection policy which uses a new intersection stability metric. Simulation experiments performed with accurate mobility and propagation models have confirmed the efficiency of the new protocol and its adaptability to continuously changing network status in the urban environment

Vehicular Fog Computing Enabled Real-time Collision Warning via Trajectory Calibration

Vehicular fog computing (VFC) has been envisioned as a promising paradigm for enabling a variety of emerging intelligent transportation systems (ITS). However, due to inevitable as well as non-negligible issues in wireless communication, including transmission latency and packet loss, it is still challenging in implementing safety-critical applications, such as real-time collision warning in vehicular networks. In this paper, we present a vehicular fog computing architecture, aiming at supporting effective and real-time collision warning by offloading computation and communication overheads to distributed fog nodes. With the system architecture, we further propose a trajectory calibration based collision warning (TCCW) algorithm along with tailored communication protocols. Specifically, an application-layer vehicular-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication delay is fitted by the Stable distribution with real-world field testing data. Then, a packet loss detection mechanism is designed. Finally, TCCW calibrates real-time vehicle trajectories based on received vehicle status including GPS coordinates, velocity, acceleration, heading direction, as well as the estimation of communication delay and the detection of packet loss. For performance evaluation, we build the simulation model and implement conventional solutions including cloud-based warning and fog-based warning without calibration for comparison. Real-vehicle trajectories are extracted as the input, and the simulation results demonstrate that the effectiveness of TCCW in terms of the highest precision and recall in a wide range of scenarios

Cloud Computing in VANETs: Architecture, Taxonomy, and Challenges

Cloud Computing in VANETs (CC-V) has been investigated into two major themes of research including Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) and Vehicle using Cloud (VuC). VCC is the realization of autonomous cloud among vehicles to share their abundant resources. VuC is the efficient usage of conventional cloud by on-road vehicles via a reliable Internet connection. Recently, number of advancements have been made to address the issues and challenges in VCC and VuC. This paper qualitatively reviews CC-V with the emphasis on layered architecture, network component, taxonomy, and future challenges. Specifically, a four-layered architecture for CC-V is proposed including perception, co-ordination, artificial intelligence and smart application layers. Three network component of CC-V namely, vehicle, connection and computation are explored with their cooperative roles. A taxonomy for CC-V is presented considering major themes of research in the area including design of architecture, data dissemination, security, and applications. Related literature on each theme are critically investigated with comparative assessment of recent advances. Finally, some open research challenges are identified as future issues. The challenges are the outcome of the critical and qualitative assessment of literature on CC-V

Adaptive Hybrid Routing Protocol for VANETs

Within VANETs, vehicle mobility will cause the communication associations between vehicles to deteriorate. Hybrid routing is necessary as one size fits all approach is not suitable for VANET?s due to diversity in the infrastructure consisting of mobile nodes, stationary nodes, road-side units (RSU), control centres etc. Therefore, in the proposed system, we implement a hybrid design methodology, where we syndicate features of reactive routing (AODV) with geographic routing and proactive routing protocol. Adaptive Hybrid Routing Protocol(AHR), vehicles use proactive routing protocol for V2I communication and reactive routing protocol with geographic routing protocol for V2V communication. The system integrates features of both reactive and geographic routing protocols along with proactive routing schemes. It combines these routing protocols in a manner that efficiently uses all the location information available and exit to reactive routing as the location information degrades. As compared to the existing standard routing protocols, the analysis and simulations show that the routing overhead has been significantly reduced. It demonstrates how such a performance enhancement would yield a scalable and efficient routing solution in the context of VANET environments. Even in the occurrence of location errors, proposed system works efficiently and obtains scalable performance, thus making it an optimal protocol for VANETs

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETS) Security: Review and Challenges

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) has become a popular research area as it has tremendous capacity to improve vehicle and road safety, traffic management and convenience as well as comfort to both drivers and passengers. Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are trying to find solution to avoid accidents and control traffic. It (VANET) is a piece of critical infrastructure that boosts traffic management efficiency and road safety. At present research efforts have placed a strong significance on novel VANET architectures and design implementations. A lot of VANET research works have focused on specific areas including broadcasting, navigation, Quality of Service (QoS), and security. This survey paper sheds some light on VANETs’ vulnerabilities and attacks. It surveys and examines some recent security problems and limitations of solutions. We observed that security is the key parameter for success of any VANET applications. There are still many critical challenges that should be taken into account such as privacy preservation, productivity, and usability. Therefore, the door for future research and efforts is open for more contributions in the field of Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks VANET