22 research outputs found
Effect of user mobility and channel fading on the outage performance of UAV communications
Many wireless networks operate in a mobile environment with randomly moving user terminals. This letter analytically characterizes the impact of ground user mobility, propagation environment and channel fading on the outage performance of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communications. Closed-form expressions for the outage probability using the random waypoint model for ground user mobility, UAV channel models for different propagation environments and the Nakagamim model for fading channels are derived. Furthermore, the outage analysis takes into account the effect of co-channel interference by both the stationary and mobile users. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the interplay between the communication performance and the system parameters
Outdated Access Point Selection for Mobile Edge Computing with Cochannel Interference
In this paper, we investigate a mobile edge computing (MEC) network, where the user has some computational tasks to be assisted by multiple computational access points (CAPs) through offloading. We consider practical communication scenarios with limited spectrum resources, and the cochannel arising from the aggressive reuse of frequency severely degrades the system offloading performance. To enhance the system performance, we provide three CAP selection criteria to choose one best CAP among multiple ones. Specifically, criterion I maximizes the computational capability at the CAP, criterion II minimizes the interfering power, while criterion III maximizes the instantaneous channel gain of data link. In time-varying channel environments, the CAP selection may be outdated, which deteriorates the system performance. For the three criteria, we evaluate the system outage probability in the outdated channel state information (CSI) by taking into account the latency, energy consumption and data rate, and provide the analytical and asymptotic expressions of outage probability, from which we obtain some critical insights on the system design. Simulation results are finally demonstrated to verify the proposed studies. In particular, criterion III under the perfect CSI can achieve the system whole diversity order coming from multiple CAPs
Performance analysis of relay-aided wireless communication systems
Relay-aided networks have been proved to be cost-efficient solutions for wireless communications
in respect of high data rates, enhanced spectrum efficiency and improved signal coverage.
In the past decade, relaying techniques have been written into standards of modern wireless
communications and significantly improve the quality of service (QoS) in wireless communications.
In order to satisfy exponentially increased demands for data rates and wireless connectivities,
various novel techniques for wireless communications have been proposed in recent years,
which have brought significant challenges for the performance analysis of relaying networks.
For the purpose of more practical investigations into relaying systems, researchers should not
only analyse the relays employing novel techniques but also attach more importance to complex
environments of wireless communications. With these objectives in mind, in this thesis, in-depth
investigations into system performance for relay-assisted wireless communications are
detailed.
Firstly, the theoretic reliability of dual-hop amplify-and-forward (AF) systems over generalised
η-ÎŒ and Îș-ÎŒ fading channels are investigated using Gallagerâs error exponents. These two versatile
channel models can encompass a number of popular fading channels such as Rayleigh,
Rician, Nakagami-m, Hoyt and one-sided Gaussian fading channels. We derive new analytical
expressions for the probability distribution function (pdf) of the end-to-end signal-to-noise-ratio
(SNR) of the system. These analytical expressions are then applied to analyse the system performance
through the study of Gallagerâs exponents, which are classical tight bounds of error
exponents and present the trade-off between the practical information rate and the reliability of
communication. Two types of Gallagerâs exponents, namely the random coding error exponent
(RCEE) and the expurgated error exponent, are studied. Based on the newly derived analytical
expressions, we provide an efficient method to compute the required codeword length to achieve
a predefined upper bound of error probability. In addition, the analytical expressions are derived
for the cut-off rate and ergodic capacity of the system. Moreover, simplified expressions
are presented at the high SNR regime.
Secondly, the performance of a dual-hop amplify-and-forward (AF) multi-antenna relaying
system over complex Gaussian channels is investigated. Three classical receiving strategies,
i.e. the maximal-ratio combining (MRC), zero-forcing (ZF) and minimum mean square error
(MMSE) are employed in the relay to mitigate the impact of co-channel interference (CCI),
which follows the Poisson point process (PPP). We derive the exact analytical expressions of
the capacities for this system in the infinite-area interference environment and the asymptotic
analytical expressions for the lower bounds of capacities in the limited-area interference scenario.
By computing the numerical results and the Monte Carlo simulation, we can observe the
effect of relay processing schemes under different interference regimes.
In the end, the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique is introduced to relaying
systems, which exploits multiplexing in the power domain. Order statistics are applied in this
part to analyse the performances of ordered users. The randomness of both channel fading
and path loss are taken into consideration. In addition to the exact analytical expressions,
asymptotic expressions at high-SNR regimes are provided, which clearly show the effects of
NOMA techniques using at relaying systems
Interference Characterization in Multiple Access Wireless Networks
Contrarily to the point to point wireless link approach adopted in several wireless networks, where
a dedicated channel is usually supporting an exclusive-use wireless link, in the last years several
wireless communication systems have followed a different approach. In the so called âmultiple
access wireless networksâ, multiple transmitters share the same communication channel in a
simultaneous way, supporting a shared-use of the wireless link. The deployment of multiple access
networks has also originated the emergence of various communication networks operating in the
same geographical area and spectrum space, which is usually referred to as wireless coexistence.
As a consequence of the presence of multiple networks with different technologies that share the
same spectral bands, robust methods of interference management are needed. At the same time,
the adoption of in-band Full-duplex (IBFDX) communication schemes, in which a given node
transmit and receive simultaneously over the same frequency band, is seen as a disruptive topic in
multiple access networks, capable of doubling the networkâs capacity.
Motivated by the importance of the interference in multiple access networks, this thesis addresses
new approaches to characterize the interference in multiple access networks. A special
focus is given to the assumption of mobility for the multiple transmitters. The problem of coexistence
interference caused by multiple networks operating in the same band is also considered.
Moreover, given the importance of the residual self-interference (SI) in practical IBFDX multiple
access networks, we study the distribution of the residual SI power in a wireless IBFDX
communication system. In addition, different applications of the proposed interference models
are presented, including the definition of a new sensing capacity metric for cognitive radio networks,
the performance evaluation of wireless-powered coexisting networks, the computation of
an optimal carrier-sensing range in coexisting CSMA networks, and the estimation of residual
self-interference in IBFDX communication systems
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for wireless communication and networks : potentials and design challenges
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are mostly considered by the military for surveillance and reconnaissance operations, and by hobbyists for aerial photography. However, in recent years, the UAV operations have been extended for civilian and commercial purposes due to their agile and cost-effective deployment. UAVs appear to be more prolific platforms to enable wireless communication due to their better line-of-sight (LOS) channel conditions as compared with the fixed base stations (BSs) in terrestrial communication which suffer from severe path loss, shadowing, and multipath fading in more challenging propagation environments. In UAV-enabled wireless communications, the UAV can either act as a complementary aerial BS to provide on-demand communication or as an aerial user equipment (UE) which is operated by the existing cellular network. Several challenges exist in the design of UAV communications which include but not limited to channel modeling, optimal deployment, interference generation, performance analysis, limited on-board battery lifetime, trajectory optimization, and unavailability of regulations and standards which are specific for UAV communication and networking.
This thesis particularly investigates some important design challenges for safe and reliable functionalities of UAV for wireless communication and networking. UAV communication has its own distinctive channel characteristics compared to the widely used cellular or satellite systems. However, several challenges exist in UAV channel modeling. For example, the propagation characteristics of UAV channels are under explored for spatial and temporal variations in non-stationary channels. Therefore, first and foremost, this thesis provides an extensive review of the measurement methods proposed for UAV channel modeling and discusses channel modeling efforts for air-to-ground and air-to-air channels. Furthermore, knowledge-gaps are identified to realize accurate UAV channel models.
The efficient deployment strategy is imperative to compensate the adverse impact of interference on the coverage area performance of multiple UAVs. As a result, this thesis proposes an optimal deployment strategy for multiple UAVs in presence of downlink co-channel interference in the worst-case scenario. In particular, this work presents coordinated multi-UAV strategy in two schemes. In the first scheme, symmetric placement of UAVs is assumed at a common optimal altitude and transmit power. In the second scheme, asymmetric deployment of UAVs with different altitudes and transmit powers is assumed. The impact of various system parameters, such as signal-to interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) threshold, separation distance between UAVs, and the number of UAVs and their formations are carefully studied to achieve the maximum coverage area inside and to reduce the unnecessary coverage expansion outside the target area.
Fundamental analysis is required to obtain the optimal trade-off between the design parameters and performance metrics of any communication systems. This thesis particularly considers two emerging scenarios for evaluating performance of UAV communication systems. In the first scenario, the uplink UAV communication system is considered where the ground user follows the random waypoint (RWP) model for user mobility, the small-scale channel fading follows the Nakagami-m model, and the uplink interference is modeled by Gamma approximation. Specifically, the closed-form expressions for the probability density function (PDF), the cumulative distribution function (CDF), the outage probability, and the average bit error rate (BER) of the considered UAV system are derived as performance metrics. In the second scenario, the downlink hybrid caching system is considered where UAVs and ground small-cell BSs (SBSs) are distributed according to two independent homogeneous Poisson point processes (PPPs), and downlink interference is modeled by the Laplace transforms. Specifically, the analytical expressions of the successful content delivery probability and energy efficiency of the considered network are derived as performance metrics. In both scenarios, results are presented to demonstrate the interplay between the communication performance and the design parameters
Relaying in the Internet of Things (IoT): A Survey
The deployment of relays between Internet of Things (IoT) end devices and gateways can improve link quality. In cellular-based IoT, relays have the potential to reduce base station overload. The energy expended in single-hop long-range communication can be reduced if relays listen to transmissions of end devices and forward these observations to gateways. However, incorporating relays into IoT networks faces some challenges. IoT end devices are designed primarily for uplink communication of small-sized observations toward the network; hence, opportunistically using end devices as relays needs a redesign of both the medium access control (MAC) layer protocol of such end devices and possible addition of new communication interfaces. Additionally, the wake-up time of IoT end devices needs to be synchronized with that of the relays. For cellular-based IoT, the possibility of using infrastructure relays exists, and noncellular IoT networks can leverage the presence of mobile devices for relaying, for example, in remote healthcare. However, the latter presents problems of incentivizing relay participation and managing the mobility of relays. Furthermore, although relays can increase the lifetime of IoT networks, deploying relays implies the need for additional batteries to power them. This can erode the energy efficiency gain that relays offer. Therefore, designing relay-assisted IoT networks that provide acceptable trade-offs is key, and this goes beyond adding an extra transmit RF chain to a relay-enabled IoT end device. There has been increasing research interest in IoT relaying, as demonstrated in the available literature. Works that consider these issues are surveyed in this paper to provide insight into the state of the art, provide design insights for network designers and motivate future research directions
Performance Evaluation of Ultra-Dense Networks with Applications in Internet-of-Things
The new wireless era in the next decade and beyond would be very different from our experience nowadays. The fast pace of introducing new technologies, services, and applications requires the researchers and practitioners in the field be ready by making paradigm shifts. The stringent requirements on 5G networks, in terms of throughput, latency, and connectivity, challenge traditional incremental improvement in the network performance. This urges the development of unconventional solutions such as network densification, massive multiple-input multiple-output (massive MIMO), cloud-based radio access network (C-RAN), millimeter Waves (mmWaves), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), full-duplex communication, wireless network virtualization, and proactive content-caching to name a few.
Ultra-Dense Network (UDN) is one of the preeminent technologies in the racetrack towards fulfilling the requirements of next generation mobile networks. Dense networks are featured by the deployment of abundant of small cells in hotspots where immense traffic is generated. In this context, the density of small cells surpasses the active usersâ density providing a new wireless environment that has never been experienced in mobile communication networks. The high density of small cells brings the serving cells much closer to the end users providing a two-fold gain where better link quality is achieved and more spatial reuse is accomplished.
In this thesis, we identified the distinguishing features of dense networks which include: close proximity of many cells to a given user, potential inactivity of most base stations (BSs) due to lack of users, drastic inter-cell interference in hot-spots, capacity limitation by virtue of the backhaul bottleneck, and fundamentally different propagation environments. With these features in mind, we recognized several problems associated with the performance evaluation of UDN which require a treatment different from traditional cellular networks. Using rigorous advanced mathematical techniques along with extensive Monte Carlo simulations, we modelled and analytically studied the problems in question. Consequently, we developed several mathematical frameworks providing closed-form and easy-computable mathematical instruments which network designers and operators can use to tune the networks in order to achieve the optimal performance. Moreover, the investigations performed in this thesis furnish a solid ground for addressing more problems to better understand and exploit the UDN technology for higher performance grades.
In Chapter 3, we propose the multiple association in dense network environment where the BSs are equipped with idle mode capabilities. This provides the user with a âdata-shower,â where the userâs traffic is split into multiple paths, which helps overcoming the capacity limitations imposed by the backhaul links. We evaluate the performance of the proposed association scheme considering general fading channel distributions. To this end, we develop a tractable framework for the computation of the average downlink rate.
In Chapter 4, we study the downlink performance of UDNs considering Stretched Exponential Path-Loss (SEPL) to capture the short distances of the communication links. Considering the idle mode probability of small cells, we draw conclusions which better reflect the performance of network densification considering SEPL model. Our findings reveal that the idle mode capabilities of the BSs provide a very useful interference mitigation technique. Another interesting insight is that the system interference in idle mode capable UDNs is upper-bounded by the interference generated from the active BSs, and in turn, this is upper-bounded by the number of active users where more active users is translated to more interference in the system. This means that the interference becomes independent of the density of the small cells as this density increases.
In Chapter 5, we provide the derivation of the average secrecy rate in UDNs considering their distinct traits, namely, idle mode BSs and LOS transmission. To this end, we exploit the standard moment generating function (MGF)-based approach to derive relatively simple and easily computable expressions for the average secrecy rate considering the idle mode probability and Rician fading channel. The result of this investigation avoids the system level simulations where the performance evaluation complexity can be greatly reduced with the aid of the derived analytical expressions.
In Chapter 6, we model the uplink coverage of mMTC deployment scenario considering a UDN environment. The presented analysis reveals the significant and unexpected impact of the high density of small cells in UDNs on the maximum transmit power of the MTC nodes. This finding relaxes the requirements on the maximum transmit power which in turn allows for less complexity, brings more cost savings, and yields much longer battery life. This investigation provides accurate, simple, and insightful expressions which shows the impact of every single system parameter on the network performance allowing for guided tunability of the network. Moreover, the results signify the asymptotic limits of the impact of all system parameters on the network performance. This allows for the efficient operation of the network by designing the system parameters which maximizes the network performance.
In Chapter 7, we address the impact of the coexistence of MTC and HTC communications on the network performance in UDNs. In this investigation, we study the downlink network performance in terms of the coverage probability and the cell load where we propose two association schemes for the MTC devices, namely, Connect-to-Closest (C2C) and Connect-to-Active (C2A). The network performance is then analyzed and compared in both association schemes.
In Chapter 8, we model the uplink coverage of HTC users and MTC devices paired together in NOMA-based radio access. Closed-form and easy-computable analytical results are derived for the considered performance metrics, namely the uplink coverage and the uplink network throughput. The analytical results, which are validated by extensive Monte Carlo simulations, reveal that increasing the density of small cells and the available bandwidth significantly improves the network performance. On the other side, the power control parameters has to be tuned carefully to approach the optimal performance of both the uplink coverage and the uplink network throughput