スマートフォンを用いて近距離からディスプレイとポインティング連携するための不可視ARマーカ

学位の種別: 修士University of Tokyo(東京大学

Performance evaluation of textile based passive RFID antennas as wearable sensors

Conformal and stretchable wearable sensors provide real-time information about individual's health conditions. There are a lot of vital signs and parameters of the human body that are supposed to be sensed by the sensors like, body movement, body temperature, Electrocardiogram (ECG), Electroencephalogram (EEG) etc. Hence, there are a lot of health tracking devices available in the market for different purposes. One of the most important sensors are the hydration/moisture/humidity sensors. These sensors are required for the health fitness and for the medical care of the patients. However, as far as the skin sensors are concerned, they are facing one important challenge, which is to have better contact with the body to have better results to analyze as well as providing ease and comfort to the patient/user. In this work, Radio frequency identification technology (RFID) has been used to achieve and overcome the challenge. Since RFID is a prevailing technology in which a microchip in a label used to transmit data when the label is exposed to radio waves. RFID technology can easily be understood by the concept of student cards used in our university where student cards are working as the Tag and the readers planted on the door slots read them. The data/information read by the reader is stored in the database for every specific tag (transponder), to be accessed it later. Passive Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) RFID tags are here used as moisture sensors. The tags for the mentioned challenged used here for different application as stated before, are specifically textile tags. There are two types of textiles (Substrate) that have been used; cotton, which is organic in nature and stretchable synthetic textile, which is a mixture of viscose and polyester. The IC chip containing the information is attached to the antenna that is designed on the substrate which is acting as a Tag (Sensor), one with glue and the other with embroidery. The most specific part is the tag is embroidered with silver thread, which is conductive in nature. Hence embroidery is the fabrication method as well as the vital part of making the tags. The embroidery is accomplished with the help of domestic sewing machine. To get different results, different embroidery designs have been used; single line (less dense), horizontal embroidery and vertical embroidery. Moreover, six tags are fabricated using cotton substrate and two tags are fabricated using stretchable substrate, both substrates have IC antenna attached with sewing as well as glue as mentioned before. When the fabricated sensors (Tags) were tested in the anechoic chamber, all the sensors have different behavior with different read ranges as well as different peak frequencies. The objective was to test the humidity/moisture evaluation on the sensors. Hence, the sensors were very well exposed to the moisture and were tested again. The sensors with less dense embroidery (Single Line) were wetter than the dense embroidery (vertical and horizontal designs), hence, making the frequency more affected in terms of putting the frequency at a lower level in the less dense embroidered sensors than the dense ones. After being dried up, after 48 hours, the sensors were almost back the initial read range values. Therefore, the frequency difference between the initial read ranges and the moist read ranges is of vital importance and all the tags are having different behaviors. As the tags are textile in nature and are embroidered like a simple cloth, they are easy to wear and have very better contact with the body to have better results in terms of moisture evaluation. So further fabrication technique in the prospect of UHF RFID has multiple applications e.g. wounds sensor inside the bandages, soil moisture sensor, moisture/humidity leakage sensor etc. Hence, they have very vital advantages, which include that they are passive, cost-effective, and simple

From wearable towards epidermal computing : soft wearable devices for rich interaction on the skin

Human skin provides a large, always available, and easy to access real-estate for interaction. Recent advances in new materials, electronics, and human-computer interaction have led to the emergence of electronic devices that reside directly on the user's skin. These conformal devices, referred to as Epidermal Devices, have mechanical properties compatible with human skin: they are very thin, often thinner than human hair; they elastically deform when the body is moving, and stretch with the user's skin. Firstly, this thesis provides a conceptual understanding of Epidermal Devices in the HCI literature. We compare and contrast them with other technical approaches that enable novel on-skin interactions. Then, through a multi-disciplinary analysis of Epidermal Devices, we identify the design goals and challenges that need to be addressed for advancing this emerging research area in HCI. Following this, our fundamental empirical research investigated how epidermal devices of different rigidity levels affect passive and active tactile perception. Generally, a correlation was found between the device rigidity and tactile sensitivity thresholds as well as roughness discrimination ability. Based on these findings, we derive design recommendations for realizing epidermal devices. Secondly, this thesis contributes novel Epidermal Devices that enable rich on-body interaction. SkinMarks contributes to the fabrication and design of novel Epidermal Devices that are highly skin-conformal and enable touch, squeeze, and bend sensing with co-located visual output. These devices can be deployed on highly challenging body locations, enabling novel interaction techniques and expanding the design space of on-body interaction. Multi-Touch Skin enables high-resolution multi-touch input on the body. We present the first non-rectangular and high-resolution multi-touch sensor overlays for use on skin and introduce a design tool that generates such sensors in custom shapes and sizes. Empirical results from two technical evaluations confirm that the sensor achieves a high signal-to-noise ratio on the body under various grounding conditions and has a high spatial accuracy even when subjected to strong deformations. Thirdly, Epidermal Devices are in contact with the skin, they offer opportunities for sensing rich physiological signals from the body. To leverage this unique property, this thesis presents rapid fabrication and computational design techniques for realizing Multi-Modal Epidermal Devices that can measure multiple physiological signals from the human body. Devices fabricated through these techniques can measure ECG (Electrocardiogram), EMG (Electromyogram), and EDA (Electro-Dermal Activity). We also contribute a computational design and optimization method based on underlying human anatomical models to create optimized device designs that provide an optimal trade-off between physiological signal acquisition capability and device size. The graphical tool allows for easily specifying design preferences and to visually analyze the generated designs in real-time, enabling designer-in-the-loop optimization. Experimental results show high quantitative agreement between the prediction of the optimizer and experimentally collected physiological data. Finally, taking a multi-disciplinary perspective, we outline the roadmap for future research in this area by highlighting the next important steps, opportunities, and challenges. Taken together, this thesis contributes towards a holistic understanding of Epidermal Devices}: it provides an empirical and conceptual understanding as well as technical insights through contributions in DIY (Do-It-Yourself), rapid fabrication, and computational design techniques.Die menschliche Haut bietet eine große, stets verfügbare und leicht zugängliche Fläche für Interaktion. Jüngste Fortschritte in den Bereichen Materialwissenschaft, Elektronik und Mensch-Computer-Interaktion (Human-Computer-Interaction, HCI) [so that you can later use the Englisch abbreviation] haben zur Entwicklung elektronischer Geräte geführt, die sich direkt auf der Haut des Benutzers befinden. Diese sogenannten Epidermisgeräte haben mechanische Eigenschaften, die mit der menschlichen Haut kompatibel sind: Sie sind sehr dünn, oft dünner als ein menschliches Haar; sie verformen sich elastisch, wenn sich der Körper bewegt, und dehnen sich mit der Haut des Benutzers. Diese Thesis bietet, erstens, ein konzeptionelles Verständnis von Epidermisgeräten in der HCI-Literatur. Wir vergleichen sie mit anderen technischen Ansätzen, die neuartige Interaktionen auf der Haut ermöglichen. Dann identifizieren wir durch eine multidisziplinäre Analyse von Epidermisgeräten die Designziele und Herausforderungen, die angegangen werden müssen, um diesen aufstrebenden Forschungsbereich voranzubringen. Im Anschluss daran untersuchten wir in unserer empirischen Grundlagenforschung, wie epidermale Geräte unterschiedlicher Steifigkeit die passive und aktive taktile Wahrnehmung beeinflussen. Im Allgemeinen wurde eine Korrelation zwischen der Steifigkeit des Geräts und den taktilen Empfindlichkeitsschwellen sowie der Fähigkeit zur Rauheitsunterscheidung festgestellt. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen leiten wir Designempfehlungen für die Realisierung epidermaler Geräte ab. Zweitens trägt diese Thesis zu neuartigen Epidermisgeräten bei, die eine reichhaltige Interaktion am Körper ermöglichen. SkinMarks trägt zur Herstellung und zum Design neuartiger Epidermisgeräte bei, die hochgradig an die Haut angepasst sind und Berührungs-, Quetsch- und Biegesensoren mit gleichzeitiger visueller Ausgabe ermöglichen. Diese Geräte können an sehr schwierigen Körperstellen eingesetzt werden, ermöglichen neuartige Interaktionstechniken und erweitern den Designraum für die Interaktion am Körper. Multi-Touch Skin ermöglicht hochauflösende Multi-Touch-Eingaben am Körper. Wir präsentieren die ersten nicht-rechteckigen und hochauflösenden Multi-Touch-Sensor-Overlays zur Verwendung auf der Haut und stellen ein Design-Tool vor, das solche Sensoren in benutzerdefinierten Formen und Größen erzeugt. Empirische Ergebnisse aus zwei technischen Evaluierungen bestätigen, dass der Sensor auf dem Körper unter verschiedenen Bedingungen ein hohes Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis erreicht und eine hohe räumliche Auflösung aufweist, selbst wenn er starken Verformungen ausgesetzt ist. Drittens, da Epidermisgeräte in Kontakt mit der Haut stehen, bieten sie die Möglichkeit, reichhaltige physiologische Signale des Körpers zu erfassen. Um diese einzigartige Eigenschaft zu nutzen, werden in dieser Arbeit Techniken zur schnellen Herstellung und zum computergestützten Design von multimodalen Epidermisgeräten vorgestellt, die mehrere physiologische Signale des menschlichen Körpers messen können. Die mit diesen Techniken hergestellten Geräte können EKG (Elektrokardiogramm), EMG (Elektromyogramm) und EDA (elektrodermale Aktivität) messen. Darüber hinaus stellen wir eine computergestützte Design- und Optimierungsmethode vor, die auf den zugrunde liegenden anatomischen Modellen des Menschen basiert, um optimierte Gerätedesigns zu erstellen. Diese Designs bieten einen optimalen Kompromiss zwischen der Fähigkeit zur Erfassung physiologischer Signale und der Größe des Geräts. Das grafische Tool ermöglicht die einfache Festlegung von Designpräferenzen und die visuelle Analyse der generierten Designs in Echtzeit, was eine Optimierung durch den Designer im laufenden Betrieb ermöglicht. Experimentelle Ergebnisse zeigen eine hohe quantitative Übereinstimmung zwischen den Vorhersagen des Optimierers und den experimentell erfassten physiologischen Daten. Schließlich skizzieren wir aus einer multidisziplinären Perspektive einen Fahrplan für zukünftige Forschung in diesem Bereich, indem wir die nächsten wichtigen Schritte, Möglichkeiten und Herausforderungen hervorheben. Insgesamt trägt diese Arbeit zu einem ganzheitlichen Verständnis von Epidermisgeräten bei: Sie liefert ein empirisches und konzeptionelles Verständnis sowie technische Einblicke durch Beiträge zu DIY (Do-It-Yourself), schneller Fertigung und computergestützten Entwurfstechniken

Shortest Route at Dynamic Location with Node Combination-Dijkstra Algorithm

Abstract— Online transportation has become a basic requirement of the general public in support of all activities to go to work, school or vacation to the sights. Public transportation services compete to provide the best service so that consumers feel comfortable using the services offered, so that all activities are noticed, one of them is the search for the shortest route in picking the buyer or delivering to the destination. Node Combination method can minimize memory usage and this methode is more optimal when compared to A* and Ant Colony in the shortest route search like Dijkstra algorithm, but can’t store the history node that has been passed. Therefore, using node combination algorithm is very good in searching the shortest distance is not the shortest route. This paper is structured to modify the node combination algorithm to solve the problem of finding the shortest route at the dynamic location obtained from the transport fleet by displaying the nodes that have the shortest distance and will be implemented in the geographic information system in the form of map to facilitate the use of the system. Keywords— Shortest Path, Algorithm Dijkstra, Node Combination, Dynamic Location (key words

Crisis 2030: Aging at Risk

This thesis analyzes critical issues affecting the older adult population of the United States in the year 2030 and recommends policies needed to remedy them. In the first chapter, the thesis addresses the upcoming aging crisis of the baby boomer population, both in numbers and affordability. The second chapter further describes and analyzes the major problems affecting the baby boomer population. The third chapter examines how technology can provide a universal and friendly design for older adult users. Chapters four through seven illustrate four distinctive case studies of Baby Boomers living in the year 2030. The case studies provide resolutions to the issues presented in chapter two. The eighth chapter recommends an integrated set of policies dealing with technology, health care, and home care, which are emphasized in the case studies. In conclusion, the thesis argues for policy changes that should begin to be crafted today in order to be implemented and to achieve the future scenarios depicted in the case studies

Proceedings of the 10th international conference on disability, virtual reality and associated technologies (ICDVRAT 2014)

The proceedings of the conferenc

Nanofabrication via laser interference lithography and integration of various optical systems for remote sensing applications

Nanophotonic devices help to manipulate light at nanometric scale through various optical phenomena in near infrared and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. This research aims to present the fabrication, modelling, optical characterisation and real life applications of optical devices based on materials such as ink, soft polymer, gelatine, leuco dye and liquid crystals. Laser interference-based ablation is utilised to generate phase conjugate nanostructures on ink, gelatine based edible nanostructures for food decoration purposes, and flexible polymeric nanostructures on polydimethylsiloxane substrate to demonstrate their use for remote sensing applications. Replication of Cornercube Retroreflector array and diffusing surface is conducted in this research to construct flexible force and temperature sensors. CCRs are mainly exploited in this research due to their retroreflection property. Reflected light from CCRs is sent back towards the source through total internal reflection and is independent of the incident angle. A silver coated CCR is used to fabricate a 2D conjugate periodic gratings structure on ink coated glass substrate through Denisyuk reflection holography. Diffractive gratings (super prism) fabricated from simple mirror-based interference reflection have less features to manipulate as compared to the conjugate diffractive gratings made by using interference obtained from CCRs. Nanometric holographic CCR showed somewhat similar optical properties as shown by master centimetric CCR e.g. phase conjugation. Predictions through computational modelling were also in good agreement with the experimental (optical characterisation) results. CCR array structures are most commonly encountered in everyday life activities such as traffic signals, vehicle safety systems and nightwear clothing. The use of brittle optical devices is limited due to their rigidity. In this research, PDMS was used to replicate rigid CCRs array structures into a flexible form. Polymeric CCRs array was examined and compared to the stencil by utilising optical microscopy. Optical characterisations were performed under various mechanical and thermal stress levels. Optical properties dependent on structure’s dimension were tuned based on the external stimuli such as force. It is concluded in this study that polymeric optical structures have a potential to be employed in numerous sensing applications for stretch, temperature, pH, and humidity. Combination of CCRs and thermochromatic materials can yield remote temperature sensors based on active components. This research also demonstrates two different systems including liquid crystals and leuco dyes to record temperature changes within a region of interest. Glass based CCRs were coated with leuco dye and liquid crystals and were treated at various known temperatures under continuous monochromatic light illumination. Reflected power from thermochromatic CCR was tuned based on supplied temperature and was found to be dependent on the colour scheme. These novel systems may help to monitor environmental conditions such as temperature changes within hazardous areas, where human access is restricted. Finally, edible, flexible and multi-layered materials were engineered with photonic structures to examine the flexibility of Nd:YAG laser ablation in Denisyuk reflection mode. Fabricated structures were examined by scanning electron microscopy and optically characterised with monochromatic and broadband light sources. Various shapes of nanostructures were achieved by utilising provided parameters for fabrication. It is hence concluded that laser interference-based ablation is simple, fast, cost-effective and flexible technique to copy reflective objects in nanometric scale

Cyber-Physical Threat Intelligence for Critical Infrastructures Security

Modern critical infrastructures can be considered as large scale Cyber Physical Systems (CPS). Therefore, when designing, implementing, and operating systems for Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP), the boundaries between physical security and cybersecurity are blurred. Emerging systems for Critical Infrastructures Security and Protection must therefore consider integrated approaches that emphasize the interplay between cybersecurity and physical security techniques. Hence, there is a need for a new type of integrated security intelligence i.e., Cyber-Physical Threat Intelligence (CPTI). This book presents novel solutions for integrated Cyber-Physical Threat Intelligence for infrastructures in various sectors, such as Industrial Sites and Plants, Air Transport, Gas, Healthcare, and Finance. The solutions rely on novel methods and technologies, such as integrated modelling for cyber-physical systems, novel reliance indicators, and data driven approaches including BigData analytics and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Some of the presented approaches are sector agnostic i.e., applicable to different sectors with a fair customization effort. Nevertheless, the book presents also peculiar challenges of specific sectors and how they can be addressed. The presented solutions consider the European policy context for Security, Cyber security, and Critical Infrastructure protection, as laid out by the European Commission (EC) to support its Member States to protect and ensure the resilience of their critical infrastructures. Most of the co-authors and contributors are from European Research and Technology Organizations, as well as from European Critical Infrastructure Operators. Hence, the presented solutions respect the European approach to CIP, as reflected in the pillars of the European policy framework. The latter includes for example the Directive on security of network and information systems (NIS Directive), the Directive on protecting European Critical Infrastructures, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and the Cybersecurity Act Regulation. The sector specific solutions that are described in the book have been developed and validated in the scope of several European Commission (EC) co-funded projects on Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP), which focus on the listed sectors. Overall, the book illustrates a rich set of systems, technologies, and applications that critical infrastructure operators could consult to shape their future strategies. It also provides a catalogue of CPTI case studies in different sectors, which could be useful for security consultants and practitioners as well