135,679 research outputs found
Universal features of fluctuations
Universal scaling laws of fluctuations (the -scaling laws) can be
derived for equilibrium and off-equilibrium systems when combined with the
finite-size scaling analysis. In any system in which the second-order critical
behavior can be identified, the relation between order parameter, criticality
and scaling law of fluctuations has been established and the relation between
the scaling function and the critical exponents has been found.Comment: 10 pages; TORINO 2000, New Frontiers in Soft Physics and Correlations
on the Threshold of the Third Milleniu
Predictive Scaling Laws for Spherical Rotating Dynamos
State of the art numerical models of the Geodynamo are still performed in a
parameter regime extremely remote from the values relevant to the physics of
the Earth's core. In order to establish a connection between dynamo modeling
and the geophysical motivation, {it is necessary to use} scaling laws. Such
scaling laws establish the dependence of essential quantities (such as the
magnetic field strength) on measured or controlled quantities. They allow for a
direct confrontation of advanced models with geophysical {constraints}.
(...)
We show that previous empirical scaling laws for the magnetic field strength
essentially reflect the statistical balance between energy production and
dissipation for saturated dynamos. Such power based scaling laws are thus
necessarily valid for any dynamo in statistical equilibrium and applicable to
any numerical model, irrespectively of the dynamo mechanism.
We show that direct numerical fits can provide contradictory results owing to
biases in the parameters space covered in the numerics and to the role of a
priori hypothesis on the fraction of ohmic dissipation.
We introduce predictive scaling laws, i.e. relations involving input
parameters of the governing equations only. We guide our reasoning on physical
considerations. We show that our predictive scaling laws can properly describe
the numerical database and reflect the dominant forces balance at work in these
numerical simulations. We highlight the dependence of the magnetic field
strength on the rotation rate. Finally, our results stress that available
numerical models operate in a viscous dynamical regime, which is not relevant
to the Earth's core
Quantum electrodynamics with anisotropic scaling: Heisenberg-Euler action and Schwinger pair production in the bilayer graphene
We discuss quantum electrodynamics emerging in the vacua with anisotropic
scaling. Systems with anisotropic scaling were suggested by Horava in relation
to the quantum theory of gravity. In such vacua the space and time are not
equivalent, and moreover they obey different scaling laws, called the
anisotropic scaling. Such anisotropic scaling takes place for fermions in
bilayer graphene, where if one neglects the trigonal warping effects the
massless Dirac fermions have quadratic dispersion. This results in the
anisotropic quantum electrodynamics, in which electric and magnetic fields obey
different scaling laws. Here we discuss the Heisenberg-Euler action and
Schwinger pair production in such anisotropic QEDComment: 5 pages, no figures, JETP Letters style, version accepted in JETP
Letter
Constructing cities, deconstructing scaling laws
Cities can be characterised and modelled through different urban measures.
Consistency within these observables is crucial in order to advance towards a
science of cities. Bettencourt et al have proposed that many of these urban
measures can be predicted through universal scaling laws. We develop a
framework to consistently define cities, using commuting to work and population
density thresholds, and construct thousands of realisations of systems of
cities with different boundaries for England and Wales. These serve as a
laboratory for the scaling analysis of a large set of urban indicators. The
analysis shows that population size alone does not provide enough information
to describe or predict the state of a city as previously proposed, indicating
that the expected scaling laws are not corroborated. We found that most urban
indicators scale linearly with city size regardless of the definition of the
urban boundaries. However, when non-linear correlations are present, the
exponent fluctuates considerably.Comment: Accepted for publication, Journal of the Royal Society Interfac
On inertial-range scaling laws
Inertial-range scaling laws for two- and three-dimensional turbulence are
re-examined within a unified framework. A new correction to Kolmogorov's
scaling is derived for the energy inertial range. A related
modification is found to Kraichnan's logarithmically corrected two-dimensional
enstrophy-range law that removes its unexpected divergence at the injection
wavenumber. The significance of these corrections is illustrated with
steady-state energy spectra from recent high-resolution closure computations.
Implications for conventional numerical simulations are discussed. These
results underscore the asymptotic nature of inertial-range scaling laws.Comment: 16 pages, postscript (uncompressed, not encoded
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