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Interactive Prediction and Planning for Autonomous Driving: from Algorithms to Fundamental Aspects
Inevitably, autonomous vehicles need to interact with other road participants in a variety of highly complex or critical driving scenarios. It is still an extremely challenging task even for the forefront companies or institutes to enable autonomous vehicles to interactively predict the behavior of others, and plan safe and high-quality motions accordingly. The major obstacles are not just originated from prediction and planning algorithms with insufficient performances. Several fundamental problems in the fields of interactive prediction and planning still remain open, such as formulation, representation and evaluation of interactive prediction methods, motion dataset with densely interactive driving behavior, as well as interface of interactive prediction and planning algorithms. The aforementioned fundamental aspects of interactive prediction and planning are addressed in this dissertation along with various kinds of algorithms. First, generic environmental representation for various scenarios with topological decomposition is constructed, and a corresponding planning algorithm is designed by combining graph search and optimization. Hard constraints in optimization-based planners are also incorporated into the training loss of imitation learning so that the policy net can generate safe and feasible motions in highly constrained scenarios. Unified problem formulation and motion representation are designed for different paradigms of interactive predictors such as planning-based prediction (inverse reinforcement learning), as well as probabilistic graphical models (hidden Markov model) and deep neural networks (mixture density network), which are utilized for the prediction/planning interface design and prediction benchmark. A framework combing decision network and graph-search/optimization/sample-based planner is proposed to achieve a driving strategy which is defensive to potential violations of others, but not overly conservatively to threats of low probabilities. Such driving strategy is achieved via experiments based on the aforementioned interactive prediction and planning algorithms with proper interface designed. These predictors are also evaluated from closed loop perspective considering planning fatality when using the prediction results instead of pure data approximation metrics. Finally, INTERACTION (INTERnational, Adversarial and Cooperative moTION) dataset with highly interactive driving scenarios and behavior from international locations is constructed with interaction density metric defined to compare different datasets. The dataset has been utilized for various behavior-related research areas such as prediction, planning, imitation learning and behavior modeling, and is inspiring new research fields such as representation learning, interaction extraction and scenario generation
์ค์ ํํ๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์์ Look-ahead Point๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ์ต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์จ ๋ด๋น๊ฒ์ด์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ์ตํฉ๊ณผํ๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ์ ์ตํฉ๊ณผํ๋ถ(์ง๋ฅํ์ตํฉ์์คํ
์ ๊ณต), 2023. 2. ๋ฐ์ฌํฅ.๋ณธ ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์์จ์ฃผํ ์ฐจ๋์ด ์ฃผ์ฐจ์ฅ์์ ์์์ง๋์ ๋น์ ์ผ์๋ก ๋ด๋น๊ฒ์ด์
์ ์ํํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ค์ ์ ์ํฉ๋๋ค. ์ด ํ๊ฒฝ์์์ ์์จ์ฃผํ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์์ ์์จ์ฃผํ์ ์์ฑํ๋ ๋ฐ ํ์ํ๋ฉฐ, ํธ๋ฆฌํ๊ฒ ์ด์ฉ๋ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ตฌํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด, ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ๊ณ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ์งํ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ก ์ถ์ข
ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋, ์ฃผ์ฐจ์ฅ์์๋ ๋๋ก ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ด ์ข๊ณ ์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ณต์กํ๊ฒ ๋ถํฌ๋์ด ์์ด ํ์งํ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๊ฒ ์ป๊ธฐ ํ๋ญ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ค์ ๊ฒฝ๋ก์ ์ถ์ข
ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ๋ก ์ฌ์ด์ ํ์ด์ง์ ๋ฐ์์์ผ, ์ฐจ๋๊ณผ ์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ ์ถฉ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋์
๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ํ์งํ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ก ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ์ถ์ข
ํ๋ ๋์ , ๋ฎ์ ๋น์ฉ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ ๋น์ ์ผ์๋ก ์ฐจ๋์ด ์ฃผํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ ์์ญ์ ํฅํด ์ฃผํํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด ์ ์๋ฉ๋๋ค.
์ฃผ์ฐจ์ฅ์๋ ์ฐจ์ ์ด ์๊ณ ๋ค์ํ ์ ์ /๋์ ์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ณต์กํ๊ฒ ์์ด, ์ฃผํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ/๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์์ญ์ ๊ตฌ๋ถํ์ฌ ์ ์ ๊ฒฉ์ ์ง๋๋ฅผ ์ป๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํ์ํฉ๋๋ค. ๋ํ, ๊ต์ฐจ๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ด๋น๊ฒ์ด์
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด, ์ ์ญ ๊ณํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํ๋์ ๊ฐ๋ ๋๋ก๋ง์ด ์ฃผํ๊ฐ๋ฅ ์์ญ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฉ๋๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ ๋๋ก๋ ํ์ ๋ ๋ฐ์ด๋ฉ ๋ฐ์ค ํํ๋ก ์ธ์๋๋ฉฐ ์ฃผํ๊ฐ๋ฅ ์์ญ ์ธ์๊ณผ ํจ๊ป multi-task ๋คํธ์ํฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ป์ด์ง๋๋ค. ์ฃผํ์ ์ํด ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ์ต์ด ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ๋ชจ๋ธ-๊ธฐ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์
ํ๋๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ณด๋ค ํ๋ผ๋ฏธํฐ ํ๋ ์์ด๋ ๋ค์ํ๊ณ ๋ณต์กํ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ค๋ฃฐ ์ ์๊ณ ๋ถ์ ํํ ์ธ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์๋ ๊ฐ์ธํฉ๋๋ค. ์์ธ๋ฌ, ์ด๋ฏธ์ง์์ ์ ์ด ๋ช
๋ น์ ๊ตฌํ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ์ต ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๊ณผ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ ์ ๊ฒฉ์ ์ง๋์์ ์ฐจ๋์ด ๋๋ฌํ look-ahead point๋ฅผ ํ์ตํ๋ ์๋ก์ด ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ์ต ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด ์ ์๋ฉ๋๋ค. ์ด point๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํจ์ผ๋ก์จ, ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ ํ์ต์ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ํฅ์์ํค๋ data aggregation (DAgger) ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ๋ณ๋์ ์กฐ์ด์คํฑ ์์ด ์์จ์ฃผํ์ ์ ์ฉํ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ human-in-loop DAgger ํ๋ จ ๊ณผ์ ์์๋ ์ต์ ์ ํ๋์ ์ ์ ํํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. ์ถ๊ฐ๋ก, DAgger ๋ณํ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ค์ ์์ ํ์ง ์๊ฑฐ๋ ์ถฉ๋์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์ํฉ์ ๋ํ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์ํ๋งํ์ฌ DAgger ์ฑ๋ฅ์ด ํฅ์๋ฉ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋, ์ ์ฒด ํ๋ จ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์
์์ ์ด ์ํฉ์ ๋ํ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋น์จ์ด ์ ์ผ๋ฉด, ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ธ DAgger ์ํ ๋ฐ ์ฌ๋์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋๋ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์ํด, ๊ฐ์ค ์์ค ํจ์๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์๋ก์ด DAgger ํ๋ จ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ธ WeightDAgger ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ด ์ ์๋๋ฉฐ, ๋ ์ ์ DAgger ๋ฐ๋ณต์ผ๋ก ์์ ์ธ๊ธ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ์ ์ฌํ ์ํฉ์์ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ์ ํ๋์ ๋ ์ ํํ๊ฒ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. DAgger๋ฅผ ๋์ ์ํฉ๊น์ง ํ์ฅํ๊ธฐ ์ํด, ์์ด์ ํธ์ ๊ฒฝ์ํ๋ ์ ๋์ ์ ์ฑ
์ด ์ ์๋๊ณ , ์ด ์ ์ฑ
์ DAgger ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์ ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ํ๋ จ ํ๋ ์์ํฌ๊ฐ ์ ์๋ฉ๋๋ค. ์์ด์ ํธ๋ ์ด์ DAgger ํ๋ จ ๋จ๊ณ์์ ํ๋ จ๋์ง ์์ ๋ค์ํ ์ํฉ์ ๋ํด ํ๋ จ๋ ์ ์์ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์ฌ์ด ์ํฉ์์ ์ด๋ ค์ด ์ํฉ๊น์ง ์ ์ง์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ จ๋ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
์ค๋ด์ธ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์ฅ์์์ ์ฐจ๋ ๋ด๋น๊ฒ์ด์
์คํ์ ํตํด, ๋ชจ๋ธ-๊ธฐ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์
ํ๋๋ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ํ๊ณ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฃฐ ์ ์๋ ์ ์ํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ์ต ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํจ์ฉ์ฑ์ด ๋ถ์๋ฉ๋๋ค. ๋ํ, ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
์คํ์ ํตํด, ์ ์๋ WeightDAgger๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์กด DAgger ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ค ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ์ ์ DAgger ์ํ ๋ฐ ์ฌ๋์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ์ํจ์ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ ๋์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ด์ฉํ DAgger ํ๋ จ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋์ ์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ์ ์์ ํ๊ฒ ํํผํ ์ ์์์ ๋ณด์
๋๋ค. ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก, ๋ถ๋ก์์๋ ๋น์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์จ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ์์คํ
๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์์ฑํ ์ ์๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด ์๊ฐ๋์ด, ๋น์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์ฃผํ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ ์์จ ๋ฐ๋ ํํน ์์คํ
์ด ์์ฑ๋ฉ๋๋ค.This thesis proposes methods for performing autonomous navigation with a topological map and a vision sensor in a parking lot. These methods are necessary to complete fully autonomous driving and can be conveniently used by humans. To implement them, a method of generating a path and tracking it with localization data is commonly studied. However, in such environments, the localization data is inaccurate because the distance between roads is narrow, and obstacles are distributed complexly, which increases the possibility of collisions between the vehicle and obstacles. Therefore, instead of tracking the path with the localization data, a method is proposed in which the vehicle drives toward a drivable area obtained by vision having a low-cost.
In the parking lot, there are complicated various static/dynamic obstacles and no lanes, so it is necessary to obtain an occupancy grid map by segmenting the drivable/non-drivable areas. To navigating intersections, one branch road according to a global plan is configured as the drivable area. The branch road is detected in a shape of a rotated bounding box and is obtained through a multi-task network that simultaneously recognizes the drivable area. For driving, imitation learning is used, which can handle various and complex environments without parameter tuning and is more robust to handling an inaccurate perception result than model-based motion-planning algorithms. In addition, unlike existing imitation learning methods that obtain control commands from an image, a new imitation learning method is proposed that learns a look-ahead point that a vehicle will reach on an occupancy grid map. By using this point, the data aggregation (DAgger) algorithm that improves the performance of imitation learning can be applied to autonomous navigating without a separate joystick, and the expert can select the optimal action well even in the human-in-loop DAgger training process. Additionally, DAgger variant algorithms improve DAgger's performance by sampling data for unsafe or near-collision situations. However, if the data ratio for these situations in the entire training dataset is small, additional DAgger iteration and human effort are required. To deal with this problem, a new DAgger training method using a weighted loss function (WeightDAgger) is proposed, which can more accurately imitate the expert action in the aforementioned situations with fewer DAgger iterations. To extend DAgger to dynamic situations, an adversarial agent policy competing with the agent is proposed, and a training framework to apply this policy to DAgger is suggested. The agent can be trained for a variety of situations not trained in previous DAgger training steps, as well as progressively trained from easy to difficult situations.
Through vehicle navigation experiments in real indoor and outdoor parking lots, limitations of the model-based motion-planning algorithms and the effectiveness of the proposed method to deal with them are analyzed. Besides, it is shown that the proposed WeightDAgger requires less DAgger performance and human effort than the existing DAgger algorithms, and the vehicle can safely avoid dynamic obstacles with the DAgger training framework using the adversarial agent policy. Additionally, the appendix introduces a vision-based autonomous parking system and a method to quickly generate the parking path, completing the vision-based autonomous valet parking system that performs driving as well as parking.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Autonomous Driving System and Environments 1
1.2 Motivation 4
1.3 Contributions of Thesis 6
1.4 Overview of Thesis 8
2 MULTI-TASK PERCEPTION NETWORK FOR VISION-BASED NAVIGATION 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.1.1 Related Works 10
2.2 Proposed Method 13
2.2.1 Bird's-Eye-View Image Transform 14
2.2.2 Multi-Task Perception Network 15
2.2.2.1 Drivable Area Segmentation (Occupancy Grid Map (OGM)) 16
2.2.2.2 Rotated Road Bounding Box Detection 18
2.2.3 Intersection Decision 21
2.2.3.1 Road Occupancy Grid Map (OGMroad) 22
2.2.4 Merged Occupancy Grid Map (OGMmer) 23
2.3 Experiment 25
2.3.1 Experimental Setup 25
2.3.1.1 Autonomous Vehicle 25
2.3.1.2 Multi-task Network Setup 27
2.3.1.3 Model-based Branch Road Detection Method 29
2.3.2 Experimental Results 30
2.3.2.1 Quantitative Analysis of Multi-Task Network 30
2.3.2.2 Comparison of Branch Road Detection Method 31
2.4 Conclusion 34
3 DATA AGGREGATION (DAGGER) ALGORITHM WITH LOOK-AHEAD POINT FOR AUTONOMOUS DRIVING IN SEMI-STRUCTURED ENVIRONMENT 35
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Related Works & Background 41
3.2.1 DAgger Algorithms for Autonomous Driving 41
3.2.2 Behavior Cloning 42
3.2.3 DAgger Algorithm 43
3.3 Proposed Method 45
3.3.1 DAgger with Look-ahead Point Composition (State & Action) 45
3.3.2 Loss Function 49
3.3.3 Data-sampling Function in DAgger 50
3.3.4 Reasons to Use Look-ahead Point As Action 52
3.4 Experimental Setup 54
3.4.1 Driving Policy Network Training 54
3.4.2 Model-based Motion-Planning Algorithms 56
3.5 Experimental Result 57
3.5.1 Quantitative Analysis of Driving Policy 58
3.5.1.1 Collision Rate 58
3.5.1.2 Safe Distance Range Ratio 59
3.5.2 Qualitative Analysis of Driving Policy 60
3.5.2.1 Limitations of Tentacle Algorithm 60
3.5.2.2 Limitations of VVF Algorithm 61
3.5.2.3 Limitations of Both Tentacle and VVF 62
3.5.2.4 Driving Results on Noisy Occupancy Grid Map 63
3.5.2.5 Intersection Navigation 65
3.6 Conclusion 68
4 WEIGHT DAGGER ALGORITHM FOR REDUCING IMITATION LEARNING ITERATIONS 70
4.1 Introduction 70
4.2 Related Works & Background 71
4.3 Proposed Method 74
4.3.1 Weighted Loss Function in WeightDAgger 75
4.3.2 Weight Update Process in Entire Training Dataset 78
4.4 Experiments 80
4.4.1 Experimental Setup 80
4.4.2 Experimental Results 82
4.4.2.1 Ablation Study According to ฯ 82
4.4.2.2 Ablation Study According to ฮต 83
4.4.2.3 Ablation Study According to ฮฑ 84
4.4.2.4 Driving Test Results 85
4.4.3 Walking Robot Experiments 86
4.5 Conclusion 87
5 DAGGER USING ADVERSARIAL AGENT POLICY FOR DYNAMIC SITUATIONS 89
5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Related Works & Background 91
5.2.1 Motion-planning Algorithms for Dynamic Situations 91
5.2.2 DAgger Algorithm for Dynamic Situation 93
5.3 Proposed Method 95
5.3.1 DAgger Training Framework Using Adversarial Agent Policy 95
5.3.2 Applying to Oncoming Dynamic Obstacle Avoidance Task 97
5.3.2.1 Ego Agent Policy 98
5.3.2.2 Adversarial Agent Policy 100
5.4 Experiments 101
5.4.1 Experimental Setup 101
5.4.1.1 Ego Agent Policy Training 102
5.4.1.2 Adversarial Agent Policy Training 103
5.4.2 Experimental Result 103
5.4.2.1 Performance of Adversarial Agent Policy 103
5.4.2.2 Ego Agent Policy Performance Comparisons Trained with / without Adversarial Agent Policy 104
5.5 Conclusion 106
6 CONCLUSIONS 107
Appendix A 110
A.1 Vision-based Re-plannable Autonomous Parking System 110
A.1.1 Parking Spot Detection 112
A.1.2 Re-planning Method 113
A.2 Biased Target-tree* with RRT* Algorithm for Fast Parking Path Planning 115
A.2.1 Introduction 115
A.2.2 Proposed Method 117
A.2.3 Experiments 119
Abstract (In Korean) 143
Acknowledgement 145๋ฐ
Egocentric Vision-based Future Vehicle Localization for Intelligent Driving Assistance Systems
Predicting the future location of vehicles is essential for safety-critical
applications such as advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous
driving. This paper introduces a novel approach to simultaneously predict both
the location and scale of target vehicles in the first-person (egocentric) view
of an ego-vehicle. We present a multi-stream recurrent neural network (RNN)
encoder-decoder model that separately captures both object location and scale
and pixel-level observations for future vehicle localization. We show that
incorporating dense optical flow improves prediction results significantly
since it captures information about motion as well as appearance change. We
also find that explicitly modeling future motion of the ego-vehicle improves
the prediction accuracy, which could be especially beneficial in intelligent
and automated vehicles that have motion planning capability. To evaluate the
performance of our approach, we present a new dataset of first-person videos
collected from a variety of scenarios at road intersections, which are
particularly challenging moments for prediction because vehicle trajectories
are diverse and dynamic.Comment: To appear on ICRA 201
Deep Learning for Safe Autonomous Driving: Current Challenges and Future Directions
[EN] Advances in information and signal processing technologies have a significant impact on autonomous driving (AD), improving driving safety while minimizing the efforts of human drivers with the help of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. Recently, deep learning (DL) approaches have solved several real-world problems of complex nature. However, their strengths in terms of control processes for AD have not been deeply investigated and highlighted yet. This survey highlights the power of DL architectures in terms of reliability and efficient real-time performance and overviews state-of-the-art strategies for safe AD, with their major achievements and limitations. Furthermore, it covers major embodiments of DL along the AD pipeline including measurement, analysis, and execution, with a focus on road, lane, vehicle, pedestrian, drowsiness detection, collision avoidance, and traffic sign detection through sensing and vision-based DL methods. In addition, we discuss on the performance of several reviewed methods by using different evaluation metrics, with critics on their pros and cons. Finally, this survey highlights the current issues of safe DL-based AD with a prospect of recommendations for future research, rounding up a reference material for newcomers and researchers willing to join this vibrant area of Intelligent Transportation Systems.This work was supported by Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) Grant funded by the Korea Government (MSIT) (2019-0-00136, Development of AI-Convergence Technologies for Smart City Industry Productivity Innovation); The work of Javier Del Ser was supported by the Basque Government through the EMAITEK and ELKARTEK Programs, as well as by the Department of Education of this institution (Consolidated Research Group MATHMODE, IT1294-19); VHCA received support from the Brazilian National Council for Research and Development (CNPq, Grant #304315/2017-6 and #430274/2018-1).Muhammad, K.; Ullah, A.; Lloret, J.; Del Ser, J.; De Albuquerque, VHC. (2021). Deep Learning for Safe Autonomous Driving: Current Challenges and Future Directions. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 22(7):4316-4336. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2020.30322274316433622
Learning-Aware Safety for Interactive Autonomy
One of the outstanding challenges for the widespread deployment of robotic
systems like autonomous vehicles is ensuring safe interaction with humans
without sacrificing efficiency. Existing safety analysis methods often neglect
the robot's ability to learn and adapt at runtime, leading to overly
conservative behavior. This paper proposes a new closed-loop paradigm for
synthesizing safe control policies that explicitly account for the system's
evolving uncertainty under possible future scenarios. The formulation reasons
jointly about the physical dynamics and the robot's learning algorithm, which
updates its internal belief over time. We leverage adversarial deep
reinforcement learning (RL) for scaling to high dimensions, enabling tractable
safety analysis even for implicit learning dynamics induced by state-of-the-art
prediction models. We demonstrate our framework's ability to work with both
Bayesian belief propagation and the implicit learning induced by a large
pre-trained neural trajectory predictor.Comment: Conference on Robot Learning 202
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